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Comparative toxicity of seven rare earth elements in sea urchin early life stages

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 24, pages 20803–20810 (2017)Cite this article

Abstract

The widespread use of rare earth elements (REEs) in a number of technological applications raises unanswered questions related to REE-associated adverse effects. We have previously reported on the multiple impact of some REEs on the early life stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The present investigation was to evaluate REE toxicity to early life stages in two unrelated sea urchin species, Sphaerechinus granularis and Arbacia lixula. The comparative toxicities were tested of seven REEs, namely yttrium, lanthanum, cerium, neodymium, samarium, europium and gadolinium as chloride salts at concentrations ranging from 10−7 to 10−4 M. The evaluated endpoints included developmental defects and cytogenetic anomalies in REE-exposed embryos/larvae, and decreased fertilization success and offspring damage following sperm exposure. The results showed different toxicity patterns for individual REEs that varied according to test species and to treatment protocol, thus showing toxicity scaling for the different REEs. Further, the observed effects were compared with those reported for P. lividus either following embryo or sperm exposures. S. granularis showed a significantly higher sensitivity both compared to A. lixula and to P. lividus. This study provides clear-cut evidence for distinct toxicity patterns among a series of REEs. The differences in species sensitivity at micromolar REE levels may warrant investigations on species susceptibility to impacts along polluted coasts.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Federico II Naples University, 80126, Naples, Italy

    Marco Trifuoggi, Giovanni Pagano, Marco Guida, Antonietta Siciliano, Maria Gravina & Antonella Giarra

  2. Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, 80121, Naples, Italy

    Giovanni Pagano & Anna Palumbo

  3. Center for Marine Research, Ruđer Bošković Institute, HR-52210, Rovinj, Croatia

    Daniel M. Lyons, Petra Burić & Maja Levak

  4. Environment and Climate Change Canada, Science & Technology Branch, National Wildlife Research Center, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada

    Philippe J. Thomas

  5. Faculty of Fisheries, Ege University, Bornova, 35100, İzmir, Turkey

    Rahime Oral

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  1. Marco Trifuoggi
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Correspondence to Giovanni Pagano.

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Trifuoggi, M., Pagano, G., Guida, M. et al. Comparative toxicity of seven rare earth elements in sea urchin early life stages. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 20803–20810 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9658-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9658-1

Keywords

  • Rare earth elements
  • Sea urchins
  • Developmental defects
  • Cytogenetic anomalies
  • Sphaerechinus granularis
  • Arbacia lixula
  • Paracentrotus lividus