Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of a VCR diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blends under varying engine parameters

  • Research Article
  • Published:
Environmental Science and Pollution Research Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The continuous rise in the cost of fossil fuels as well as in environmental pollution has attracted research in the area of clean alternative fuels for improving the performance and emissions of internal combustion (IC) engines. In the present work, n-butanol is treated as a bio-fuel and investigations have been made to evaluate the feasibility of replacing diesel with a suitable n-butanol-diesel blend. In the current research, an experimental investigation was carried out on a variable compression ratio CI engine with n-butanol-diesel blends (10–25% by volume) to determine the optimum blending ratio and optimum operating parameters of the engine for reduced emissions. The best results of performance and emissions were observed for 20% n-butanol-diesel blend (B20) at a higher compression ratio as compared to diesel while keeping the other parameters unchanged. The observed deterioration in engine performance was within tolerable limits. The reductions in smoke, nitrogen oxides (NO x ), and carbon monoxide (CO) were observed up to 56.52, 17.19, and 30.43%, respectively, for B20 in comparison to diesel at rated power. However, carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrocarbons (HC) were found to be higher by 17.58 and 15.78%, respectively, for B20. It is concluded that n-butanol-diesel blend would be a potential fuel to control emissions from diesel engines.

ᅟ

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18

Similar content being viewed by others

Abbreviations

BSEC:

Brake specific energy consumption

BSFC:

Brake specific fuel consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

CA btdc:

Crank angle before top dead centre

CI:

Compression ignition

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CN:

Cetane number

CO2 :

Carbon dioxide

HC:

Hydrocarbons

IC:

Internal combustion

NO x :

Nitrogen oxides

PM:

Particulate matter

References

  • Agarwal D, Agarwal AK (2007) Performance and emissions characteristics of jatropha oil (preheated and blends) in a direct injection compression ignition engine. Appl Therm Eng 27:2314–2323

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmanli A (2016) Comparative analyses of diesel–waste oil biodiesel and propanol, n-butanol or 1-pentanol blends in a diesel engine. Fuel 176:209–215

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmanli A, Yuksel B, Ileri E (2013) Experimental investigation of the effect of diesel–cotton oil–n-butanol ternary blends on phase stability, engine performance and exhaust emission parameters in a diesel engine. Fuel 109:503–511

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmanli A, Ileri E, Yuksel B (2014) Experimental investigation of engine performance and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine fueled with diesel–n-butanol–vegetable oil blends. Energy Convers Manag 81:312–321

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmanli A, Ileri E, Yuksel B, Yilmaz N (2015a) Extensive analyses of diesel–vegetable oil–n-butanol ternary blends in a diesel engine. Appl Energy 145:155–162

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Atmanli A, Ileri E, Yuksel B (2015b) Effects of higher ratios of n-butanol addition to diesel-vegetable oil blends on performance and exhaust emission of a diesel engine. J Energy Inst 88(3):209–220

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bayindir H, Isık MZ, Aydın H (2017) Evaluation of combustion, performance and emission indicators of canola oil-kerosene blends in a power generator diesel engine. Appl Therm Eng 114:234–244

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Can O, Celikten I, Usta N (2004) Effects of ethanol addition on performance and emissions of a turbocharged indirect injection diesel engine running at different injection pressures. Energy Convers Manag 45(15–16):2429–2440. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2003.11.024

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen G, Yu W, Li Q, Huang Z (2012) Effects of n-butanol addition on the performance and emissions of a turbocharged common-rail diesel engine. SAE Technical Paper 2012-01-0852. doi:10.4271/2012-01-0852

  • Chen Z, Liu J, Han Z, Du B, Liu Y, Lee C (2013) Study on performance and emissions of a passenger-car diesel engine fueled with butanol-diesel blends. Energy 55:638–646

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Wu Z, Liu J, Lee C (2014) Combustion and emissions characteristics of high n-butanol/diesel ratio blend in a heavy-duty diesel engine and EGR impact. Energy Convers Manag 78:787–795

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi B, Jiang X (2015) Individual hydrocarbons and particulate matter emission from a turbocharged CRDI diesel engine fueled with n-butanol/diesel blends. Fuel 154:188–195. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2015.03.084

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi CY, Reitz RD (1999) An experimental study on the effects of oxygenated fuel blends and multiple injection strategies on DI diesel engine emissions. Fuel 78:1303–1317

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choi B, Jiang X, Kim YK et al (2015) Effect of diesel fuel blend with n-butanol on the emission of a turbocharged common rail direct injection diesel engine. Appl Energy 46:20–28

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Corsini A, Marchegiani A, Rispoli F, Sciulli F, Venturini P (2015) Vegetable oils as fuels in diesel engine.eEngine performance and emissions. Energy Procedia 81:942–949. doi:10.1016/j.egypro.2015.12.151

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Curran HJ, Fisher EM, Glaude PA, et al (2001) Detailed chemical kinetic modeling of diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels. SAE Technical Paper 2001-01-065. doi:10.4271/2001-01-0653

  • Dogan O (2011) The influence of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends utilization on a small diesel engine performance and emissions. Fuel 90(7):2467–2472

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fushimi K, Kinoshita E, Yoshimoto Y (2013) Effect of butanol isomer on diesel combustion characteristics of butanol/gas oil blends. SAE Technical Paper 2013-32-9097. doi:10.4271/2013-32-9097

  • Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Rakopoulos DC (2013) Exhaust emissions with ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends during transient operation: a review. Renew Sust Energ Rev 17:170–190

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang H, Liu Q, Yang R, Zhu T, Zhao R, Wang Y (2015) Investigation on the effects of pilot injection on low temperature combustion in high-speed diesel engine fueled with n-butanol–diesel blends. Energy Convers Manag 106:748–758. doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2015.10.031

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ibrahim A (2016) Performance and combustion characteristics of a diesel engine fulled by butanol-biodiesel-diesel blends. Appl Therm Eng 103:651–659

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Imtenan S, Masjuki HH, Varman M, Rizwanul Fattah IM, Sajjad H, Arbab MI (2015) Effect of n-butanol and diethyl ether as oxygenated additives on combustion–emission-performance characteristics of a multiple cylinder diesel engine fuelled with diesel–jatropha biodiesel blend. Energy Convers Manag 94:84–94

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jain NL, Soni SL, Poonia MP, Sharma D, Srivastava A (2017) Performance and emission characteristics of preheated and blended thumba vegetable oil in a compression ignition engine. Appl Therm Eng 113:970–979

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jang YS, Malaviya A, Cho C, Lee J, Lee SY (2012) Butanol production from renewable biomass by clostridia. Bioresour Technol 123:653–663

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Klein-Douwel RJH, Donkerbroek AJ, Van Vliet AP, Boot MD, Somers LMT, Baert RSG et al (2009) Soot and chemiluminescence in diesel combustion of bio-derived, oxygenated and reference fuels. Proc Combust Inst 32:2817–2825

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar S, Cho JH, Park J, Moon I (2013) Advances in diesel–alcohol blends and their effects on the performance and emission of diesel engines. Renew Sust Energ Rev 22:46–72

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lapuerta M, Armas O, Herreros JM (2008) Emissions from a diesel–bioethanol blend in an automotive diesel engine. Fuel 87(1):25–31

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu H, Li S, Zheng Z, Xu J, Yao M (2013) Effects of n-butanol, 2-butanol, and methyl octynoate addition to diesel fuel on combustion and emissions over a wide range of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) rates. Appl Energy 112:246–256

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lopez AF, Cadrazco M, Agudelo AF, Corredor LA, Vélez JA, Agudelo JR (2015) Impact of n-butanol and hydrous ethanol fumigation on the performance and pollutant emissions of an automotive diesel engine. Fuel 153:483–491

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Merola SS, Tornatore C, Iannuzzi SE, March L (2014) Combustion process investigation in a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blend by conventional methods and optical diagnostics. Renew Energy 64:225–237

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moffat RJ (1988) Describing the uncertainties in experimental results. Exp Thermal Fluid Sci 1(1):3–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mohsin R, Majid ZA, Shihnan AH, Nasri NS, Sharer Z (2014) Effect of biodiesel blends on engine performance and exhaust emission for diesel dual fuel engine. Energy Convers Manag 88:821–828

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ndaba B, Chiyanzu S, Marx I (2015) n-Butanol derived from biochemical and chemical routes: a review. Biotechnol Rep 8:1–9. doi:10.1016/j.btre.2015.08.001

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Palash SM, Masjuki HH, Kalam MA, Masum BM, Sanjid A, Abedin MJ (2013) State of the art of NOx mitigation technologies and their effect on the performance and emission characteristics of biodiesel-fueled compression ignition engines. Energy Convers Manag 76:400–420

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pfromm PH, Boadu VA, Nelson R, Vadlani P (2010) Bio-butanol vs. bio-ethanol: a technical and economic assessment for corn and switchgrass fermented by yeast or Clostridium acetobutylicum. Biomass Bioenergy 34:515–524

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Plint MA, Martyr A (1999) Engine testing theory and practice, Second edn. Butterworth-Heinemann, Burlington

    Google Scholar 

  • Putrasari Y, Nur A, Muharam A (2013) Performance and emission characteristic on a two cylinder DI diesel engine fuelled with ethanol-diesel blends. Energy Procedia 32:21–30

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qureshi N, Saha BC, Dien B, Hector RE, Cotta MA (2010) Production of butanol (a biofuel) from agricultural residues: part I—use of barley straw hydrolysate. Biomass Bioenergy 34:559–565

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman MM, Stevanovic S, Brown RJ, Ristovski Z (2013) Influence of different alternative fuels on particle emission from a turbocharged common-rail diesel engine. Procedia Eng 56:381–386

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rajasekar E, Muragesan A, Subramanian R, Nedunchezhian N (2010) Review of NOx reduction technologies in CI engine fulled with oxygenated biomass fuels. Renew Sust Energ Rev 14(7):2113–2121

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Hountalas DT, Kakaras EC, Giakoumis EG, Papagiannakis RG (2010a) Investigation of the performance and emissions of bus engine operating on butanol/diesel fuel blends. Fuel 89:2781–2790

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis EG, Dimaratos AM, Kyritsis DC (2010b) Effects of butanol–diesel fuel blends on the performance and emissions of a high-speed DI diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 51(10):1989–1997

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos DC (2010c) Investigating the emissions during acceleration of a turbocharged diesel engine operating with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends. Energy 35(12):5173–5184

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Papagiannakis RG, Kyritsis DC (2011a) Combustion heat release analysis of ethanol or n-butanol diesel fuel blends in heavy-duty DI diesel engine. Fuel 90:1855–1867

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos CD, Dimaratos AM, Giakoumis EG, Rakopoulos DC (2011b) Study of turbocharged diesel engine operation, pollutant emissions and combustion noise radiation during starting with bio-diesel or n-butanol diesel fuel blends. Appl Energy 88:3905–3916

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rakopoulos DC, Rakopoulos CD, Giakoumis E, Papagiannakis RG, Kyritsis DC (2014) Influence of properties of various common bio-fuels on the combustion and emission characteristics of high-speed DI (direct injection) diesel engine: vegetable oil, bio-diesel, ethanol, n-butanol, diethyl ether. Energy 73:354–366

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahin Z, Aksu ON (2015) Experimental investigation of the effects of using low ratio n-butanol/diesel fuel blends on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a turbocharged DI diesel engine. Renew Energy 77:279–290

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sahin Z, Durgun O, Aksu ON (2015) Experimental investigation of n-butanol/diesel fuel blends and n-butanol fumigation—evaluation of engine performance, exhaust emissions, heat release and flammability analysis. Energy Convers Manag 103:778–789

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayin C (2010) Engine performance and exhaust gas emissions of methanol and ethanol–diesel blends. Fuel 89(11):3410–3415

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sayin C, Ozsezen AN, Canakci M (2010) The influence of operating parameters on the performance and emissions of a DI diesel engine using methanol-blended-diesel fuel. Fuel 89(7):1407–1414

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siwalea L, Kristófb L, Adamb T et al (2013) Combustion and emission characteristics of n-butanol/diesel fuel blend in a turbo-charged compression ignition engine. Fuel 107:409–418

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tutak W (2014) Bioethanol E85 as a fuel for dual fuel diesel engine. Energy Convers Manag 86:39–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Valentino G, Corcione FE, Iannuzzi SE, Serra S (2012) Experimental study on performance and emissions of a high speed diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blends under premixed low temperature combustion. Fuel 92:295–307

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Xin F, Wang C, Dong W et al (2016) Comprehensive investigations of biobutanol production by a non-acetone and 1,3-propanediol generating clostridium strain from glycerol and polysaccharides. Biotechnol Biofuel 9:1–12. doi:10.1186/s13068-016-0641-8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yamamoto S, Agui Y, Kawahara N, Ueki H, Daisaku S, Ishida M (2012) Comparison of diesel combustion between ethanol and butanol blended with gas oil. SAE Technical Paper 2012-32-0020. doi:10.4271/2012-32-0020

  • Yilmaz N, Vigil FM, Benalil K, Davis SM, Calva A (2014) Effect of biodiesel–butanol fuel blends on emissions and performance characteristics of a diesel engine. Fuel 135:46–50

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang ZH, Chua SM, Balasubramanian R (2016) Comparative evaluation of the effect of butanol–diesel and pentanol–diesel blends on carbonaceous particulate composition and particle number emissions from a diesel engine. Fuel 176:40–47

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng M, Li T, Han X (2015) Direct injection of neat n-butanol for enabling clean low temperature combustion in a modern diesel engine. Fuel 142:28–37

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou N, Huo M, Wu H, Nithyananda K, Lee CF, Wanga Q (2014) Low temperature spray combustion of acetone–butanol–ethanol (ABE) and diesel blends. Appl Energy 117:104–115

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zoldy M, Hollo A, Thernesz A (2010) Butanol as a diesel extender option for internal combustion engines. SAE Technical Paper 2010-01-0481. doi:10.4271/2010-01-0481

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors are grateful to MNIT Jaipur and SKIT, Jaipur, for providing the facilities during the course of this study.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Swami Keshvanand Institute of Technology, Management & Gramothan, Jaipur, India

    Ashish Nayyar & Alok Mathur

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Malaviya National Institute of Technology Jaipur, Jaipur, India

    Ashish Nayyar, Dilip Sharma & Shyam Lal Soni

Authors
  1. Ashish Nayyar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Dilip Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Shyam Lal Soni
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Alok Mathur
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ashish Nayyar.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Nayyar, A., Sharma, D., Soni, S.L. et al. Experimental investigation of performance and emissions of a VCR diesel engine fuelled with n-butanol diesel blends under varying engine parameters. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 20315–20329 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9599-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9599-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation