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Health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides in the Pardo River, Brazil

  • Efficient & Sustainable Water Systems Management toward Worth Living Development
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Abstract

Mixture of metals and herbicides in rivers may pose relevant risks for the health of surrounding communities. Humans may be exposed to river pollution through intake of contaminated water and fish, as well as irrigated agricultural products. The aim of this study was to assess the human health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides through water and fish intake in the Pardo River. Metals (Al, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Mn, Hg, Ni, Tl, Sn, V, and Zn) were analyzed in river water and in edible fish. Herbicides (ametryn, atrazine, diuron, hexazinone, simazine, and tebuthiuron) were analyzed in river water. Seasonal variances were also studied. Aluminum, Cd, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn levels in river water were higher than the USEPA benchmarks. Non-carcinogenic risks due to pollutants mixture exposure were above the limit, and carcinogenic risks of As exposure were >10−6 in the sampling points during the rainy season. Metal levels in fish were lower than the Brazilian legislation and do not pose a threat to public health. Herbicides were detected in four sampling points, with atrazine concentrations (range 0.16–0.32 μg/L) below the Brazilian standard (2.0 μg/L), but above the European Union standard (0.1 μg/L). Considering the water supply needs of cities located in the Pardo River Basin and the persistence of metals and herbicides, the present study indicated that there was a seasonal influence on non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks to human health, especially in the rainy season. Studies for water treatment plants implantation should consider the risks of exposure to persistent substances, in order to protect the population.

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Acknowledgments

Financial support was received from São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Grants Nos. 2013/03858-6, 2013/07238-2, and 2015/15421-7) and the State Water Resources Fund (FEHIDRO), Brazil (Grant SINFEHIDRO: PARDO 105/2013).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Ecotoxicology and Environmental Parasitology, Ribeirão Preto, College of Nursing, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, 14040-902, Brazil

    Carolina S. Machado, Brisa M. Fregonesi, Renato I. S. Alves, Karina A. A. Tonani, Beatriz S. Celere & Susana Segura-Muñoz

  2. School of Medicine, IISPV Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43201, Reus, Spain

    Jordi Sierra, Martí Nadal & Jose L. Domingo

  3. Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Literature of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil

    Bruno S. Martinis

  4. Departament d’Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007, Tarragona, Spain

    Montse Mari & Marta Schuhmacher

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  1. Carolina S. Machado
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  2. Brisa M. Fregonesi
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  3. Renato I. S. Alves
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  4. Karina A. A. Tonani
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  10. Martí Nadal
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  11. Jose L. Domingo
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Correspondence to Susana Segura-Muñoz.

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Machado, C.S., Fregonesi, B.M., Alves, R.I.S. et al. Health risks of environmental exposure to metals and herbicides in the Pardo River, Brazil. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 20160–20172 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9461-z

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