Abstract
Natural bituminous coal was used as a precursor in the synthesis of different modified products. The modification of coal was performed by treating it with nitric acid (N-coal), coating its surface by zinc oxide nanoparticles (Z-coal), and converting it into porous graphite (PG). The effect of modification processes on the structures, morphologies, and optical properties was followed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectrum (FT-IR), and UV/VIS spectrophotometer analysis. The surface of N-coal grains becomes smoother than the surface of raw coal grains due to the removal of the associated impurities and the formation of nitrogen function groups. For Z-coal, the whole surface of coal grains appears to be completely covered by agglomerated ZnO nanoparticles of massive density and irregular shapes. The average crystallite size of the formed ZnO is ~22.2 nm and density of dislocations is 2.029 × 10−3 dislocation/nm2. Also, the removal of safranin-T dye by natural bituminous coal and its modified forms was investigated as a function of contact time, adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration, and pH value. At pH 8, the PG showed higher efficiency (96%) than Z-coal (93.5%), N-coal (74.5%), and natural coal (62%) after 2 h for 0.1 g on 100 mg/L dye. The obtained results are well fitted by pseudo-second-order kinetic than by intraparticle diffusion and Elovich kinetic models for the adsorption by N-coal, Z-coal, and PG, whereas the adsorption by raw coal is well fitted with both pseudo-second-order and Elovich kinetic models. The Langmuir isotherm model fits well the equilibrium adsorption isotherm of safranin by raw coal and its modified forms. The values of maximum adsorption capacity were calculated for raw coal, N-coal, Z-coal, and PG to be 21.3, 27.4, 32.46, and 33.67 mg/g, respectively. A monolayer model with one energy and a monolayer model with two energies as advanced equilibrium models were investigated for more physical interpretation of the adsorption process. The calculated parameters (number of adsorbed molecules per site and number of receptor sites per unit mass) reflected the role of modification processes in the adsorption behavior of safranin.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abukhadra MR, Seliem MK, Mohamed EA, Selim AQ, Mahmoud MH (2015) Application of quadratic polynomial model for the uptake of iron from aqueous solutions by natural and modified Egyptian bentonite. American J Appl Chem 3:179–183
Al-Anber MA (2010) Removal of high-level Fe3+ from aqueous solution using natural inorganic materials: bentonite (NB) and quartz (NQ). Desalination 250(3):885–891
Al-Degs YS, El-Barghouthi MI, El-Sheikh AH, Walker GM (2008) Effect of solution pH, ionic strength, and temperature on adsorption behavior of reactive dyes on activated carbon. Dyes Pigments 77:16–23
Al-Futaisi JA, Al-Hanai R (2007) Aspects of cationic dye molecule adsorption to palygorskite. Desalination 214:327–342
Allen SJ, Gan Q, Matthews R, Johnson PA (2003) Comparison of optimized isotherm models for basic dye adsorption by kudzu. Bioresour Technol 88(2):143–152
Alvarez R, Clemente C, Limon DG (2003) The influence of nitric acid oxidation of low rank coal and its impact on coal structure. Fuel 82:2007–2015
Alvarez-Puebla RA, Valenzuela-Calahorro C, Garrido JJ (2004) Retention of Co(II), Ni(II), and Cu(II) on a purified brown humic acid modeling and characterization of the sorption process. Langmuir 20:3657–3664
Amghouz Z, Ancín-Azpilicueta C, Burusco KK, García JR, Khainakov SA, Luquin A, Nieto R, Garrido JJ (2014) Biogenic amines in wine: individual and competitive adsorption on a modified zirconium phosphate. Micropo Mesopor Mater J 197:130–139
Bagherifam S, Komarneni S, Lakzian A, Fotovat A, Khorasani R, Huang W, Ma J, Hong S, Cannon FS, Wang Y (2014) Highly selective removal of nitrate and perchlorate by organoclay. Appl Clay Sci 95:126–132
Barpanda P, Oyama G, Nishimura SI, Chung SC, Yamada AA (2014) 38-V earth-abundant sodium battery electrode. Nat Commun 5:4358
Bian SW, Mudunkotuwa IA, Rupasinghe T, Grassian VH (2011) Aggregation and dissolution of 4 nm ZnO nanoparticles in aqueous environments: influence of pH, ionic strength, size, and adsorption of humic acid. Langmuir 27(10):6059–6068
Boparai HK, Joseph M, O’Carroll DM (2011) Kinetics and thermodynamics of cadmium ion removal by adsorption onto nano zerovalent iron particles. J Hazard Mater 186:458–465
Budinova T, Petrov N, Razvigorova M, Parra J, Galiatsatou P (2006) Removal of arsenic(III) from aqueous solution by activated carbons prepared from solvent extracted olive pulp and olive stones. Ind Eng Chem Res 45:1896–1901
Chowdhury S, Saha P (2011) Adsorption kinetic modeling of safranin onto rice husk biomatrix using pseudo-first- and pseudosecond-order kinetic models: comparison of linear and non-linear methods. Clean-Soil Air Water 39(3):274–282
Demir I, Lizzio A A, Fuller E L, Harvey RD (1993) Evaluation of the surface properties of Illinois basin coals Available at https://webanlgov/PCS/acsfuel/preprint%20archive/Files/38_4_CHICAGO_08-93_1178pdf. Accessed September 2014
Demiral H, Gunduzoglug (2010) Removal of nitrate from aqueous solutions by activated carbon prepared from sugar beet bagasse. Bioresour Technol 101:1675–1680
Drage TC, Arenillas A, Smith KM, Pevida C, Piippo S, Snape CE (2007) Preparation of carbon dioxide adsorbents from the chemical activation of urea–formaldehyde and melamine–formaldehyde resins. Fue 186:22–31
Duraisamya R, Kiruthigaa PM, Hirpayeb BY, Berekuteb AK (2015) Adsorption of azure B dye on rice husk activated carbon: equilibrium, kinetic and thermodynamic studies. Int J Water Res 5(2):18–28
Echeverria JC, Morera MT, Mazkiaran C, Garrido JJ (1998) Competitive sorption of heavy metal by soils isotherms and fractional factorial experiments. Environ Pollution 101:275–284
Elkady MF, Hussein MM, Salama MM (2015) Synthesis and characterization of nano-activated carbon from El Maghara Coal, Sinai, Egypt to be utilized for wastewater purification. American Journal of Applied Chemistry 3:1–7
Foo KY, Hameed BH (2012) Preparation, characterization and evaluation of adsorptive properties of orange peel based activated carbon via microwave induced K2CO3 activation. Bioresour Technol 104:679–686
Ghorbani HR, Mehr FP, Pazoki H, Rahmani BM (2015) Synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles by precipitationmethod. Orient J Chem 31(2):1219–1221
Giles CH, McEwan TH, Nakhawa SN, Smith D (1960) Studies in adsorption: part XI. A system of classification of solution adsorption isotherms and its use in diagnosis of adsorption mechanisms and in measurement of specific surface areas of solids. J Chem Soc 3973–3993
Gupta VK, Mohan D, Saini VK (2006) Studies on the interaction of some azo dyes (naphthol red-J and direct orange) with nontronite mineral. J Colloid Interface Sci 298:79–86
Hassani L, Alidokht AR, Khataee S, Karaca (2014) Optimization of comparative removal of two structurally different basic dyes using coal as a low-cost and available adsorbent. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45:1597–1607
Ho S (2004) Selection of optimum sorption isotherm. Carbon 42:2115–2116
Hui KS, Chao CYH, Kot SC (2005) Removal of mixed heavy metal ions in wastewater by zeolite4A and residual products from recycled coal fly ash. J Hazard Mater B 127:89–101
Karaca S, Gurses A, Ejder MJ (2004) Kinetic modeling of liquid phase adsorption of phosphate on dolomite. Colloid Interface Sci 277:257–263
Katal R, Baei MS, Rahati HT, Esfandian H (2012) Kinetic, isotherm and thermodynamic study of nitrate adsorption from aqueous solution using modified rice husk. J Ind Eng Chem 18:295–302
Khmissi H, El-Sayed AM, Shaban M (2016) Structural, morphological, opticalproperties and wettability of spin-coated copper oxide; influences of film thickness, Ni, and (La, Ni) co-doping. J Mater Sci 51(12):5924–5938
Kumar SS, Venkateswarlu P, Rao VR, Rao GN (2013) Synthesis, characterization and optical properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles. International Nano Letters 3:30
Kurkova M, Klika Z, Klikova C, Havel J (2004) Humic acids from oxidized coals I elemental composition, titration curves, heavy metals in HA samples, nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of HAs and infrared spectroscopy. Chemosphere 54:1237–1245
Laskowski JS (2001) Coal flotation and fine coal utilization. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam
Li Y, Zhang X, Yang R, Lia G, Hu C (2015) The role of H3PO4 in the preparation of activated carbon from NaOH-treated rice husk residue. RSC Adv 5:32626–32636
Lian L, Li PG, Guo C (2009) Adsorption of Congo red from aqueous solutions onto Ca-bentonite. J Hazard Mater 161(1):126–131
Liao L, Pan C (2011) Enhanced electrochemical capacitance of nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes synthesized from amine flames soft. Nanoscience Letters 1:16–23
Manoj B, Kunjomana AG, Chandrasekharan KA (2009) Chemical leaching of low rank coal and its characterization using SEM/EDAX and FTIR. Journal of Minerals & Materials Characterization & Engineering 8:821–832
Mizera J, Mizerová G, Machovič V, Borecká L (2007) Sorption of cesium, cobalt and europium on low-rank coal and chitosan. Water Res 41:620–626
Mohamed EA, Selim AQ, Selim MK, Abukhadra MR (2015) Modeling and optimizations of phosphate removal from aqueous solutions using synthetic zeolite Na-A. J Mater Sci Chem Eng 3:15–29
Mohan SV, Rao NC, Karthikeyan J (2002) Adsorptive removal of direct azo dye from aqueous phase onto coal based sorbents; a kinetic and a mechanistic study. J Hazard Mater 90:189–204
Ndazi B, Tesha JV, Bisanda TN (2007) Some opportunities and challenges of producing bio – ss
Oladoja NA, Aboluwoye CO, Oladimeji YB (2008) Kinetics and isotherm studies on methylene blue adsorption onto ground palm kernel coat. Turkish J Eng Env Sci 32:303–312
Pavan FA, Mazzocato AC, Gushikem Y (2008) Removal of methylene blue dye from aqueous solutions by adsorption using yellow passion fruit peel as adsorbent. Bioresour Technol 99:3162–3165
Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI, Alonso AM, Garcia FS, Tascon JMD (2005) Surface chemistry of phosphorus-containing carbons of lignocellulosic origin. Carbon 43:2857–2868
Puziy AM, Poddubnaya OI, Alonso AM, Garcıa FS, Tascon JMD (2002) Synthetic carbons activated with phosphoric acid III carbons prepared in air. Carbon 40:1493–1505
Rahman T, Urabe T, Kishimoto N (2013) Color removal of reactive procion dyes by clay adsorbents. Procedia Environ Sci 17:270–278
Seliem MK, Komarneni S, Abukhadra MR (2016) Phosphate removal from solution by composite of MCM-41 silica with rice husk: kinetic and equilibrium studies. Micropo Mesopor Mater J 224:51–57
Seliem MK, Mohamed EA, Selim AQ, Abukhadra MR (2015) Synthesis of Na-A zeolites from natural and thermally activated Egyptian kaolinite: characterization and competitive adsorption of copper ions from aqueous solutions. I J Bioassays 4:4423–4430
Sellaoui L, Guedidi H, Knani S, Reinert L, Duclaux L, Ben Lamine A (2015) Application of statistical physics formalism to the modeling of adsorption isotherms of ibuprofen on activated carbon. Fluid Phase Equilib 387:103–110
Sellaoui L, Guedidi H, Masson S, Reinert L, Levêque J, Knani S, Ben Lamine A, Khalfaoui M, Duclaux L (2016a) Steric and energetic interpretations of the equilibrium adsorption of two new pyridinium ionic liquids and ibuprofen on a microporous activated carbon cloth: statistical and COSMO-RS models. Fluid Phase Equilib 25:156–163
Sellaoui L, Guedidi H, Wjihi S, Reinert L, Knani S, Duclaux L, Ben Lamine A (2016b) Experimental and theoretical studies of adsorption of ibuprofen on raw and two chemically modified activated carbons: new physicochemical interpretations. RSC Adv 6:12363–12373
Shafeeyan MS, Daud WMAW, Houshmand A, Shamiri A (2010) A review on surface modification of activated carbon for carbon dioxide adsorption. J Anal Appl Pyrolysis 89:143–151
Simatea G S, Maledia N, Ochiengc A, Ndlovua S, Zhangd J, Walubita LF (2016) Coal-based adsorbents for water and wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 42291-2312
Temkin MJ, Pyzhev V (1940) Kinetics of ammonia synthesis on promoted iron catalysts. Acta Physiochim URSS 12:217–222
Wang SG, Liu XW, Gong WX, Nie W, Gao BY, Yue QY (2007) Adsorption of fulvic acids from aqueous solutions by carbon nanotube. J Chem Tech Biotechnol 82:698–704
Williamson GK, Smallman RE(1956)Dislocation densities in some annealed and cold-worked metals from measurements on the X-ray Debye-Scherrer spectrum. Philos Mag 134–46
Wu FC, Tseng RL, Juang RS (2009) Initial behavior of intraparticle diffusion model used in the description of adsorption kinetics. Chem Eng J 153:1–8
Yanagisawa H, Matsumoto Y, Machida M (2010) Adsorption of Zn(II) and Cd(II) ions onto magnesium and activated carbon composite in aqueous solution. Appl Surf Sci 256:1619–1623
Zhuannian L, Anning Z, Guirong W, Xiaoguang Z (2009) Adsorption behavior of methyl orange onto modified ultrafine coal powder. Chinese Journal of Chem Eng 17(6):942–948
Zolfaghari G, Esmaili-Sari A, Anbia M, Younesi H, Ghasemian MB (2013) nnnA zinc oxide-coated nanoporous carbon adsorbent for lead removal from water: optimization, equilibrium modeling, and kinetics studies. Int J Environ Sci Technol 10:325–340
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Guilherme L. Dotto
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOC 1331 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shaban, M., Abukhadra, M.R., Shahien, M.G. et al. Upgraded modified forms of bituminous coal for the removal of safranin-T dye from aqueous solution. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 18135–18151 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9424-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9424-4