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Influence of polymethyl acrylate additive on the formation of particulate matter and NOX emission of a biodiesel–diesel-fueled engine

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Abstract

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of the polymethyl acrylate (PMA) additive on the formation of particulate matter (PM) and nitrogen oxide (NOX) emission from a diesel coconut and/or Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel-fueled engine. The physicochemical properties of 20% of coconut and/or C. inophyllum biodiesel–diesel blend (B20), 0.03 wt% of PMA with B20 (B20P), and diesel fuel were measured and compared to ASTM D6751, D7467, and EN 14214 standard. The test results showed that the addition of PMA additive with B20 significantly improves the cold-flow properties such as pour point (PP), cloud point (CP), and cold filter plugging point (CFPP). The addition of PMA additives reduced the engine’s brake-specific energy consumption of all tested fuels. Engine emission results showed that the additive-added fuel reduce PM concentration than B20 and diesel, whereas the PM size and NOX emission both increased than B20 fuel and baseline diesel fuel. Also, the effect of adding PMA into B20 reduced Carbon (C), Aluminum (Al), Potassium (K), and volatile materials in the soot, whereas it increased Oxygen (O), Fluorine (F), Zinc (Zn), Barium (Ba), Chlorine (Cl), Sodium (Na), and fixed carbon. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) results for B20P showed the lower agglomeration than B20 and diesel fuel. Therefore, B20P fuel can be used as an alternative to diesel fuel in diesel engines to lower the harmful emissions without compromising the fuel quality.

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Abbreviations

ASTM:

American Society for Testing and Materials

BSEC:

Brake-specific energy consumption

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

B0:

100% diesel

B20:

20 vol.% of biodiesel with 80% diesel

CB/CB100:

Coconut biodiesel

CB20:

20 vol.% of coconut biodiesel with 80% diesel

CB20P:

20 vol.% of coconut biodiesel with 80% diesel and 0.03 wt% PMA

CFPs:

Cold-flow properties

CIB/CIB100:

Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel

CIB20:

20 vol.% of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel with 80% diesel

CIB20P:

20 vol.% of Calophyllum inophyllum biodiesel with 80% diesel and 0.03 wt% PMA

CO:

Carbon monoxide

FAME:

Fatty acid methyl ester

HC:

Hydrocarbon

NOX :

Nitrogen oxides

PM:

Particulate matter

PMA:

Polymethyl acrylate

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

VOF:

Volatile organic fractions

VOM:

Volatile organic material

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to acknowledge the University of Malaya for financial support through grants RP016-2012E and FP032-2013A.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Center for Energy Sciences, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia

    Islam Mohammad Monirul, Haji Hassan Masjuki, Mohammad Abdul Kalam, Nurin Wahidah Mohd Zulkifli & Islam Shancita

  2. Department of Industrial & Production, Marine and Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, BCMC College of Engineering & Technology, Jessore, Bangladesh

    Islam Mohammad Monirul

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  1. Islam Mohammad Monirul
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  2. Haji Hassan Masjuki
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  3. Mohammad Abdul Kalam
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  4. Nurin Wahidah Mohd Zulkifli
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  5. Islam Shancita
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Islam Mohammad Monirul or Mohammad Abdul Kalam.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Highlights

• Property of 20% of biodiesel blend with 0.03 wt% PMA satisfied with ASTM standard

• The addition of PMA slightly increased NOX emission of 20% of biodiesel blend

• PMA reduced the PM mass concentration and increased particle size of biodiesel blend

• The PMA additive decreased the volatile material in the soot

Appendix

Appendix

Table 7 Instrument accuracy and uncertainty percentage
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Table 8 Sample calculation of % uncertainty
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Monirul, I.M., Masjuki, H.H., Kalam, M.A. et al. Influence of polymethyl acrylate additive on the formation of particulate matter and NOX emission of a biodiesel–diesel-fueled engine. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 18479–18493 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9333-6

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