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Chemical contamination assessment in mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as biomonitor species

  • Ecotoxicology in Tropical Regions
  • Published:
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Abstract

This paper aims to contribute to the use of mangrove cupped oyster, Crassostrea rhizophorae, as a biomonitor species for chemical contamination assessment in mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems. Sampling was carried out in eight localities (three in Nicaragua and five in Colombia) with different types and levels of contamination. Oysters were collected during the rainy and dry seasons of 2012–2013 and the tissue concentrations of metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were determined. Low tissue concentrations of metals (except Hg) and PAHs; moderate-to-high tissue concentrations of Hg, hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethanes (DDTs); detectable levels of chlorpyrifos, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (mainly CB28, CB118, CB138 and CB 153) and brominated diphenyl ethers 85 (BDE85); and negligible levels of musks were recorded in Nicaraguan oysters. A distinct profile of POPs was identified in Colombia, where the tissue concentrations of PCBs and synthetic musk fragrances were low to moderate, and Ag, As, Cd, Pb, and PAHs ranged from moderate to extremely high. Overall, the values recorded for HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in Nicaraguan mangrove cupped oysters greatly exceeded the reference values in tissues of C. rhizophorae from the Wider Caribbean Region, whereas only the levels of PCBs were occasionally surpassed in Colombia. Different contaminant profiles were distinguished between oysters from Nicaragua and Colombia in radar plots constructed using the main groups of contaminants (metals, PAHs, musks, PCBs, and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs)). Likewise, integrated pollution indices revealed differences in the levels of contaminants. Moreover, the profiles and levels in oyster tissues also varied with season. Thus, principal component analysis clearly discriminated Nicaraguan and Colombian localities and, especially in Colombia, seasonal trends in chemical contamination and differences amongst localities were evidenced. The geographical and environmental disparity of the studied scenarios may represent to a large extent the diversity of mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems and therefore the present results support the use of C. rhizophorae as suitable biomonitor species at Caribbean regional scale, where seasonal variability is a major factor controlling pollutant mobility and bioavailability.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are indebted to Drs L Garmendia and M Ortiz-Zarragoitia from PiE-UPV/EHU, to Dr. L Villamil, A Moncaleano and S Cáceres from UJTL and to colleagues from the Department of Biology (Environ Educ Prog, UNAN-León) for their invaluable assistance during sampling. This work was funded by the Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation (CARIBIOPOL-AECID 11-CAP2-1595) and supported by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Finances (BMW-CTM2012-40203-C02-01), by The University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU (UFI 11/37), and by the Basque Government through Consolidated Research Groups fellowship (IT810-B). The authors also want to thank the scientific staff of the Department of Biology from Bluefields Indian and Caribbean University (BICU) for their support in the logistic and sampling strategy, as well as the Research Center on Health, Work, and Environment (CISTA, UNAN-León) for their collaboration in the pretreatment of samples for chemical analysis.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. CBET Res. Grp., Department Zoology & Animal Cell Biology, University Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain

    Javier R. Aguirre-Rubí, Manu Soto & Ionan Marigómez

  2. Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (Plentzia Marine Station; PiE-UPV/EHU), University Basque Country, Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain

    Javier R. Aguirre-Rubí, Nestor Etxebarría, Manu Soto & Ionan Marigómez

  3. National Autonomous University Nicaragua-León (UNAN-León), León, Nicaragua

    Javier R. Aguirre-Rubí & Félix Espinoza

  4. Department Biological and Environmental Sciences, University Jorge Tadeo Lozano (UJTL), Bogotá, Colombia

    Andrea Luna-Acosta & Michael J. Ahrens

  5. Department Ecology and Territory, Pontificia University Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia

    Andrea Luna-Acosta

  6. IBEA Res. Grp. Department Analytical Chemistry, University Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain

    Nestor Etxebarría

Authors
  1. Javier R. Aguirre-Rubí
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  2. Andrea Luna-Acosta
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  3. Nestor Etxebarría
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  4. Manu Soto
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  5. Félix Espinoza
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  6. Michael J. Ahrens
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  7. Ionan Marigómez
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ionan Marigómez.

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Responsible editor: Hongwen Sun

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Aguirre-Rubí, J.R., Luna-Acosta, A., Etxebarría, N. et al. Chemical contamination assessment in mangrove-lined Caribbean coastal systems using the oyster Crassostrea rhizophorae as biomonitor species. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 13396–13415 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9159-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9159-2

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