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Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Myristica fragrans seed (nutmeg) extract and its antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates

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Abstract

Biosynthesis of nanoparticles has received increasing attention due its effective mode of action, eco-friendly preparation methodology, and less cytotoxicity. In the present study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from aqueous seed extract of Myristica fragrans (nutmeg) were characterized. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) analysis revealed the presence of bioactive components acts as effective in reducing and capping agents for converting AgNO3 to AgNPs. The UV-Vis absorption spectrum of the biologically reduced reaction mixture showed the surface plasmon peak at 420 nm, which is the characteristic peak of AgNPs. The functional molecules present in the M. fragrans seed extract and their interaction with the AgNPs were identified by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) analysis. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the face-centered cubic crystalline structure of metallic silver nanoparticle and diameter was calculated using Scherrer’s equation. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) image showed spherical shaped particles with an average size of 25 nm. The scanning electron microscopy–energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM–EDS) confirmed the presence of elemental silver. The antibacterial activity of biosynthesized AgNPs was evaluated against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S. Typhi) according to agar well diffusion, MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration), and IC50 (inhibitory concentration 50%). The results confirm that bacterial growth was significantly reduced in a dose-dependent manner. Further, the cytotoxic effect of biosynthesized AgNPs on rat spleenocytes was analyzed. Thus, it is suggested that the nutmeg-biosynthesized AgNPs could be a lead drug and used effectively to control the MDR S. Typhi, thereby reducing public health issues and environmental pollution.

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Acknowledgements

The authors are thankful to the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), New Delhi, Govt. of India, for infrastructural facility and financial assistance in the form of State Biotech Hub (BT/04/NE/2009) to Mizoram University.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Medical Microbiology, College of Health and Medical Sciences, Haramaya University, P.O. Box 235, Harar, Ethiopia

    Senthilkumar Balakrishnan

  2. Department of Biotechnology, Muthayammal College of Arts and Science, Rasipuram, Tamil Nadu, 637408, India

    Senthilkumar Balakrishnan, Ilakkia Sivaji & Selvam Kandasamy

  3. PG & Research Department of Biotechnology, Sengunthar Arts and Science College, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, 637205, India

    Selvam Kandasamy

  4. Department of Marine Biotechnology, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli, Tamil Nadu, 620024, India

    Senbagam Duraisamy

  5. Department of Biotechnology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India

    Nachimuthu Senthil Kumar

  6. Department of Zoology, Mizoram University, Aizawl, Mizoram, 796004, India

    Guruswami Gurusubramanian

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  1. Senthilkumar Balakrishnan
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  2. Ilakkia Sivaji
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  6. Guruswami Gurusubramanian
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Correspondence to Senthilkumar Balakrishnan.

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Balakrishnan, S., Sivaji, I., Kandasamy, S. et al. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Myristica fragrans seed (nutmeg) extract and its antibacterial activity against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi isolates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 14758–14769 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9065-7

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