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The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate, chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO2 degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs

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Abstract

The influences of HCO3 −, Cl−, and other components on the UV/TiO2 degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO3 −, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2− in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3–7.3 and 3.2–6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO2 loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO3 − in the UV/TiO2/HCO3 − system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of •CO3 − in the system. The results also showed that •CO3 − likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO3 −, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2−, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO3 − or Cl− during UV/TiO2 treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater.

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Acknowledgement

We are grateful for the financial support from the Ministry of Science and Technology (NSC 102-2221-E-002-009-MY3), Taiwan, ROC.

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  1. Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-shan Road, Taipei, 106, Taiwan

    Webber Wei-Po Lai, Ying-Chih Chuang & Angela Yu-Chen Lin

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  1. Webber Wei-Po Lai
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  2. Ying-Chih Chuang
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Correspondence to Angela Yu-Chen Lin.

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Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai

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Lai, W.WP., Chuang, YC. & Lin, A.YC. The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate, chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO2 degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 14595–14604 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-9005-6

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