Abstract
Starting with the 2007–2008 cycle, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) also oversampled Hispanics other than Mexicans (OHISP) making it possible to treat OHISP as a separate demographic group along with Mexican Americans (MAs), non-Hispanic whites (NHWs), and non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs). Yet, more often than not, OHISP have been merged with MA to form an all-Hispanic demographic group (HISP) thus limiting comparisons between NHW, NHB, and HISP. Consequently, for the first time, this study was undertaken to evaluate differences in the observed levels of selected environmental contaminants between MA and OHISP from five groups of environmental contaminants, namely, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), iodine uptake inhibitors (IUIs), environmental phenols (EPHs), priority pesticides (PPs), and perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). Data for 2007–2010 from NHANES were used to conduct this study. OHISP children born in USA had higher levels of selected PAH metabolites than USA-born MA, and Mexican-born MA adolescents had higher levels of selected PAH metabolites than USA-born MA adolescents. USA-born adolescent MA had higher levels of selected parabens than USA-born adolescent OHISP, and OHISP adults born in another Spanish-speaking country had higher levels of selected parabens than USA-born OHISP adults. USA-born MA adults and seniors had higher levels of selected dichlorophenols than Mexico-born MA adults and seniors, respectively. Females had higher levels of selected PAH metabolites, EPHs, and PPs than males among children, adolescents, adults, and seniors, but the reverse was true for the levels of selected IUIs and PFAAs among adolescents and seniors. Smokers had higher levels of almost all PAH metabolites than non-smokers for adolescents, adults, and seniors. The same was true for urinary thiocynate for adolescents, adults, and seniors. OHISP is a multiracial multiethnic demographic group substantially different from MA with possibly different smoking behavior and with possibly differential levels of exposure to certain environmental contaminants and as such should be treated as a demographic group by itself.
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Abbreviations
- 2, 4-DCP:
-
2, 4-Dichlorophenol
- 2, 4, 5-TCP:
-
2, 4, 5-Trichlorophenol
- 2, 4, 6-TCP:
-
2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol
- 2, 5-DCP:
-
2, 5-Dichlorophenol
- BP-3:
-
Benzpphenone-3
- BPH:
-
Bisphenol A
- BUP:
-
Butyl paraben
- CB:
-
Country of birth
- ECG:
-
Environment contaminant group
- EPB:
-
Ethyl paraben
- EPH:
-
Environmental phenols
- EPAH:
-
2-(N-ethyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid
- FLU-2:
-
2-Hydroxyfluorene
- FLU-3:
-
3-Hydroxyfluorene
- FLU-9:
-
9-Hydroxyfluorene
- IUI:
-
Iodine uptake inhibitors
- MA:
-
Mexican American
- MEX_MA:
-
Mexican Americans born in Mexico
- MPAH:
-
2-(N-methyl-perfluorooctane sulfonamido) acetic acid
- MPB:
-
Methyl paraben
- NAP-1:
-
1-Hydroxynaphthalene
- NAP-2:
-
2-Hydroxynaphthalene
- NHB:
-
Non-Hispanic black
- NHW:
-
Non-Hispanic white
- OHISP:
-
Hispanic other than Mexican American
- OPP:
-
O-phenylphenol
- OSC:
-
Spanish-speaking country other than Mexico
- OSC_OHISP:
-
Hispanics other than Mexican Americans born in a Spanish country other than Mexico
- OTH:
-
Other unclassified race/ethnicity
- PAH:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PFAA:
-
Perfluoroalkyl acids
- PFDE:
-
Perfluorodecanoic acid
- PHE-1:
-
1-Hydroxyphenanthrene
- PHE-2:
-
2-Hydroxyphenanthrene
- PHE-3:
-
3-Hydroxyphenanthrene
- PFHxS:
-
Perfluorohexane sulfonic acid
- PFNA:
-
Perfluorononanoic acid
- PFOA:
-
Perfluorooctanoic acid
- PFOS:
-
Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid
- PP:
-
Priority pesticides
- PPB:
-
Propyl paraben
- PYE-1:
-
1-Hydroxypyrene
- TRS:
-
Triclosan
- UNO3:
-
Urinary nitrate
- UP8:
-
Urinary perchlorate
- USCN:
-
Urinary thiocyanate
- US_MA:
-
Mexican Americans born in USA
- US_OHISP:
-
Hispanics other than Mexican American born in USA
- Years_in_US:
-
Number of unit years lived in USA
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No funds were provided to the author to conduct this research. All data used in this research are available free of charge from www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhanes.htm.
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Jain, R.B. Observed differentials in the levels of selected environmental contaminants among Mexican and other Hispanic American children, adolescents, adults, and senior citizens. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 4524–4543 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0828-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0828-y