Abstract
Providing guidance on the reasonable use of pesticide in agricultural production is of particular importance for ensuring food safety. In the present study, a field trial was performed to study the dissipation and accumulative pattern of cyromazine (CA) and its metabolite in Agaricus bisporus (A. bisporus) cultivation. An ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) method was first developed and validated for the determination of CA and melamine (MEL) in the casing soil and fruiting body. During the cultivation period, the dissipation rates of CA in the casing soil were between 51.57 and 63.48% at three dose groups. The fruiting body presented higher accumulation ability for MEL compared with CA. The terminal residues of MEL never exceeded the maximum residue limits (MRLs) in food. In addition, the intake health risk from the CA and MEL residues in the fruiting body were negligible to humans. This study will help to provide valuable guidance on the application strategies of CA in A. bisporus cultivation.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Codex (2013) Codex General standard for contaminants and toxins in food and feed. Codex standard 193-1995. Available at http://www.codexalimentarius.org/download/standards/17/CXS_193e.pdf
Chan E, Griffiths S, Chan C (2008) Public-health risks of melamine in milk products. Lancet 372:1444
Chu C, Wang C (2013) Toxicity of melamine: the public health concern. J Environ Sci Heal C 31:342–386
Fu Y et al (2016) Identification of resistance to wet bubble disease and genetic diversity in wild and cultivated strains of Agaricus bisporus International. Int J Mol Sci 17:1568. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms17101568
Ge J, Zhao LW, Liu C, Jiang S, Lee PW, Liu F (2011) Rapid determination of melamine in soil and strawberry by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Control 22:1629–1633. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2011.03.020
Goutailler G, Valette JC, Guillard C, Paїssé O, Faure R (2001) Photocatalysed degradation of cyromazine in aqueous titanium dioxide suspensions: comparison with photolysis. J Photoch Photobio A 141:79–84. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1010-6030(01)00425-7
Han Y, Mo R, Yuan X, Zhong D, Tang F, Ye C, Liu Y (2017) Pesticide residues in nut-planted soils of China and their relationship between nut/soil. Chemosphere 180:42–47
Heikal T, Mossa A, Marei G, Abdel Rasoul M (2012) Cyromazine and Chlorpyrifos induced renal toxicity in rats: the ameliorating effects of green tea extract. J Environ Anal Toxicol 2:2161. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000146
Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues (JMPR) (2012) Inventory of evaluations performed by the Joint Meeting on Pesticide Residues. Available at http://apps.who.int/pesticide-residues-jmpr-database/pesticide?name
Levot GW (2011) Degradation of diflubenzuron, ivermectin, cyromazine and temephos in soil following surface disposal of sheep dipping and jetting solutions. Anim Prod Sci 51:996–1001. https://doi.org/10.1071/an11052
Lim LO, Scherer SJ, Shuler KD, Toth JP (1990) Disposition of cyromazine in plants under environmental conditions. J Agric Food Chem 38:860–864. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00093a057
Liu J, Jia L, Kan J, Jin C-h (2013) In vitro and in vivo antioxidant activity of ethanolic extract of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus). Food Chem Toxicol 51:310–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2012.10.014
Liu J, Zhong Y, Liu J, Zhang H, Xi J, Wang J (2010) An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay for the determination of cyromazine and melamine residues in animal muscle tissues. Food Control 21:1482–1487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2010.04.018
Lozowicka B, Kaczynski P, Paritova А, Kuzembekova G, Abzhalieva A, Sarsembayeva N, Alihan K (2014) Pesticide residues in grain from Kazakhstan and potential health risks associated with exposure to detected pesticides. Food Chem Toxicol 64:238–248
Lv Y, Liu Z, Tian Y, Chen H (2013) Effect on morphology, oxidative stress and energy metabolism enzymes in the testes of mice after a 13-week oral administration of melamine and cyanuric acid combination. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 65:183–188
Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (2006) The Japanese positive list system for agricultural chemical residues in foods (Enforcement on May 29, 2006): Maximum residue limits (MRLs) of agricultural chemicals in foods. Available at http://www.ffcr.or.jp/zaidan/FFCRHOME.nsf/pages/MRLs-p
Muszyńska B, Kała K, Sułkowska-Ziaja K, Krakowska A, Opoka W (2016) Agaricus bisporus and its in vitro culture as a source of indole compounds released into artificial digestive juices. Food Chem 199:509–515. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2015.12.041
Navarro MJ, Gea FJ (2014) Entomopathogenic nematodes for the control of phorid and sciarid flies in mushroom crops. Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 49:11–17. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2014000100002
Nong Y, Ma X, Fan S, Yu Y (2014) A fast and low-cost method for determination of melamine in soil and sediment using high performance liquid chromatography. Anal Methods 6:4124–4129. https://doi.org/10.1039/C3AY42138D
Patakioutas G, Savvas D, Matakoulis C, Sakellarides T, Albanis T (2007) Application and fate of cyromazine in a closed-cycle hydroponic cultivation of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) J Agric Food Chem 55:9928–9935. https://doi.org/10.1021/jf071726i
Pei F et al (2014) Changes in non-volatile taste components of button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) during different stages of freeze drying and freeze drying combined with microwave vacuum drying. Food Chem 165:547–554. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.05.130
European Regulation (2005) (EC) No 396/2005 of the European parliament and of the council of 23 February 2005 on maximum residue levels of pesticides in or on food and feed of plant and animal origin and amending Council Directive 91/414/EEC. Off J Eur Union L70:1-16
Root DS, Hongtrakul T, Dauterman WC (1996) Studies on the absorption, residues and metabolism of cyromazine in tomatoes. Pest Manag Sci 48:25–30. https://doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1096-9063(199609)48:1<25::AID-PS404>3.0.CO;2-Q
Sancho J, Ibanez M, Grimalt S, Pozo O, Hernandez F (2005) Residue determination of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in chard samples by ion-pair liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 530:237–243
Shamshad A, Clift AD, Mansfield S (2009) Effect of compost and casing treatments of insecticides against the sciarid Bradysia ocellaris (Diptera: Sciaridae) and on the total yield of cultivated mushrooms, Agaricus bisporus. Pest Manag Sci 65:375–380. https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.1700
Skinner CG, Thomas JD, Osterloh JD (2010) Melamine toxicity. J Med Toxicol 6:50–55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13181-010-0038-1
Stine CB et al (2014) Reproductive toxicity in rats with crystal nephropathy following high doses of oral melamine or cyanuric acid. Food Chemical Toxicol 68:142–153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2014.02.029
Wang HY, Wang H, Tang LL, Dong YH, Zhao L, Toor G (2014a) Sorption characteristics of cyromazine and its metabolite melamine in typical agricultural soils of China. Environ Sci Pollut R 21:979–985. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1956-7
Wang H, Lin L, Sun Q, Lin Q, Xiong X, Wu K, Yu C-P (2014b) Simultaneous determination of cyromazine, melamine and their biodegradation products by ion-pair high-performance liquid chromatography. Int J Environ Anal Chem 94:1173–1182. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2014.900681
Wang PC, Lee RJ, Chen CY, Chou CC, Lee MR (2012) Determination of cyromazine and melamine in chicken eggs using quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) extraction coupled with liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 752:78–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aca.2012.09.029
Wang Y, Wen Y, Li JJ, He J, Qin WC, Su LM, Zhao YH (2014c) Investigation on the relationship between bioconcentration factor and distribution coefficient based on class-based compounds: the factors that affect bioconcentration. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol 38:388–396. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2014.07.003
Zhao H, Liu S, Chen J, Jiang J, Xie Q, Quan X (2015) Biological uptake and depuration of sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole in common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Chemosphere 120:592–597. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.075
Acknowledgements
This research was financially supported by the National Major Project for Agro-product Quality & Safety Risk Assessment (GJFP2017006), the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31602124), and the Shanghai Agriculture Applied Technology Development Program, China (G20160502).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding authors
Additional information
Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues
Electronic supplementary material
ESM 1
(DOCX 204 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Zhao, Z., Chen, L., Bai, B. et al. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method for evaluating the dissipation dynamics of cyromazine and its metabolite in Agaricus bisporus and dietary risk assessment. Environ Sci Pollut Res 25, 2285–2292 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0658-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-017-0658-y