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Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of urinary cadmium among children and nonsmoker adolescents

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Abstract

Data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey for 1999–2012 were used to evaluate factors that affect observed levels of urine cadmium (UCd) among children aged 6–11 years and nonsmoker adolescents aged 12–19 years. Adjusted UCd levels were found to be statistically significantly higher for female nonsmoker adolescents than male nonsmoker adolescents (p < 0.01). Non-Hispanic white (NHW) participants had statistically significantly lower adjusted levels of UCd (<0.01) than non-Hispanic black (NHB) participants for both children (p < 0.01) and adolescents (p < 0.01). Dietary intake of cadmium was not found to affect the levels of UCd. While unadjusted levels of UCd for nonsmoker adolescents declined (p < 0.01) over 1999–2012 by 28.3%, no statistically significant trend was observed for adjusted levels.

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    Ram B. Jain

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Jain, R.B. Factors affecting the variability in the observed levels of urinary cadmium among children and nonsmoker adolescents. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 2515–2526 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-8008-z

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