Abstract
In recent years, cardiovascular diseases were the second most common cause of death worldwide. Therefore, the consumption of drugs used to treat cardiovascular diseases is high. So far, there were no such comprehensive reports regarding the presence of cardiovascular drugs in surface and tap waters, particularly in Central and Eastern Europe. The aim of our study was to determine the presence of 30 pharmaceutically active compounds and some of their metabolites, at specific points of the Vistula River and in tap water samples in the Warsaw region. The analysis was performed using the liquid chromatography–electrospray ionization–tandem mass spectrometry method, coupled to solid-phase extraction. To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time where the presence of ciprofibrate in the environment was investigated. Cardiovascular drugs found at the highest concentrations (reaching 1 μg/L or higher) in surface water were beta-blockers, sartans and diuretics. In tap water samples, trace amounts of pharmaceuticals were detected, for almost all target compounds. This highlights their inadequate elimination by the treatment facility used in the Warsaw region. The presence of cardiovascular compounds in the aquatic environment could have a long-term effect even at a low exposure level, since synergy effects amongst pharmaceuticals may occur.
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Acknowledgments
This project was funded by The National Science Centre, NCN (2011/03/B/NZ7/00751). The authors would like to thank M. Giebułtowicz for drug sales data analysis and also K. Sikorska and R. Marszałek for technical support in HPLC–MS/MS analysis.
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Giebułtowicz, J., Stankiewicz, A., Wroczyński, P. et al. Occurrence of cardiovascular drugs in the sewage-impacted Vistula River and in tap water in the Warsaw region (Poland). Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 24337–24349 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7668-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7668-z