Abstract
The presence of personal care product (PCP) residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release through graywater; for this reason, efforts are being made to develop methods to inactivate or eliminate this class of substances in the environment. In this work, homogeneous photocatalysis has been applied for the degradation of UV filter para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), which exists in several types of PCPs, in order to identify the optimum degradation conditions. The oxidation of PABA by photo-Fenton and oxalate-induced photo-Fenton (ferrioxalate) processes was investigated, and the effect of various operating variables has been assessed, i.e., Fe3+ (0.0035–0.014 g L−1), H2O2 (0.025–0.2 g L−1), T (280–323 K), and type of radiation (UV-A, visible). Furthermore, experiments under optimal conditions have been performed in order to evaluate the transformation pathways and phytotoxicity of the treated PABA solution.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Abdessalem AK, Bellakhal N, Oturan N, Dachraoui M, Oturan MA (2010) Treatment of a mixture of three pesticides by photo- and electro-Fenton processes. Desalination 250:450–455
Arslan I, Balcioglu IA, Bahnemann DW (2000) Advanced chemical oxidation of reactive dyes in simulated dyehouse effluents by ferrioxalate-Fenton/UV-A and TiO2/UV-A processes. Dyes Pigments 47:207–218
Baba Y, Yatagai T, Harada T, Kawase Y (2015) Hydroxyl radical generation in the photo-Fenton process: effects of carboxylic acids on iron redox cycling. Chem Eng J 277:229–241
Babuponnusami A, Muthukumar K (2014) A review on Fenton and improvements to the Fenton process for wastewater treatment. Journal of Environmental Chemical Enginneering 2:557–572
Braun AM, Maurette MT, Oliveros E (1991) Photochemical technology. John Wiley & Sons, New York
Carneiro PA, Nogueira RFP, Zanoni MVB (2007) Homogeneous photodegradation of CI Reactive Blue 4 using a photo-Fenton process under artificial and solar irradiation. Dyes Pigments 74:127–132
Chang Y-H, Ou C-C, Yeh H-W, Yang C-S (2016) Photo-catalytic selectivity of anthranilic acid over iron oxide incorporated titania nanoparticles: influence of the Fe2+/Fe3+ ratio of iron oxide. J Mol Catal A Chem 412:67–77
Cheng HP, Huang YH, Lee C (2011) Decolorization of reactive dye using a photo-ferrioxalate system with brick grain-supported iron oxide. J Hazard Mater 188:357–362
Diaz-Cruz MS, Barcelo D (2009) Chemical analysis and ecotoxicological effects of organic UV-absorbing compounds in aquatic ecosystems. Trac-Trend Anal Chem 28:708–717
Diaz-Cruz MS, Llorca M, Barcelo D (2008) Organic UV filters and their photodegradates, metabolites and disinfection by-products in the aquatic environment. Trac-Trend Anal Chem 27:873–887
Doumic LI, Soares PA, Ayude MA, Cassanello M, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP (2015) Enhancement of a solar photo-Fenton reaction by using ferrioxalate complexes for the treatment of a synthetic cotton-textile dyeing wastewater. Chem Eng J 277:86–96
Eriksson E, Auffarth K, Eilersen AM, Henze M, Ledin A (2003) Household chemicals and personal care products as sources for xenobiotic organic compounds in grey wastewater. Water SA 29:135–146
Esbenshade JL, Cardoso JC, Zanoni MVB (2010) Removal of sunscreen compounds from swimming pool water using self-organized TiO2 nanotubular array electrodes. J Photoch Photobio A 214:257–263
Evgenidou E, Konstantinou I, Fytianos K, Poulios I (2007) Oxidation of two organophosphorous insecticides by the photo-assisted Fenton reaction. Water Res 41:2015–2027
Gago-Ferrero P, Diaz-Cruz MS, Barcelo D (2012) Occurrence of multiclass UV filters in treated sewage sludge from wastewater treatment plants. Chemosphere 84:1158–1165
Gaya UI, Abdullah AH (2008) Heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants over titanium dioxide: a review of fundamentals, progress and problems. J Photoch Photobio C 9:1–12
Gernjak W, Krutzler T, Glaser A, Malato S, Caceres J, Bauer R, Fernandez-Alba AR (2003) Photo-Fenton treatment of water containing natural phenolic pollutants. Chemosphere 50:71–78
Ghaly MY, Hartel G, Mayer R, Haseneder R (2001) Photochemical oxidation of p-chlorophenol by UV/H2O2 and photo-Fenton process. A comparative study. Waste Manag 21:41–47
Grabowska E, Reszczyńska J, Zaleska A (2012) Mechanism of phenol photodegradation in the presence of pure and modified-TiO2: a review. Water Res 46:5453–5471
He YG, Wu CY, Kong W (2005) Theoretical and experimental studies of water complexes of p- and o-aminobenzoic acid. J Phys Chem A 109:2809–2815
Ioannou LA, Fatta-Kassinos D (2013) Solar photo-Fenton oxidation against the bioresistant fractions of winery wastewater. Journal of Environmental Chemical Enginneering 1:703–712
Konstantinou IK, Albanis TA (2004) TiO2-assisted photocatalytic degradation of azo dyes in aqueous solution: kinetic and mechanistic investigations: a review. Appl Catal B Environ 49:1–14
Lee CH, Yoon JY (2004) Temperature dependence of hydroxyl radical formation in the hv/Fe3+/H2O2 and Fe3+/H2O2 systems. Chemosphere 56:923–934
Lee Y, Lee C, Yoon J (2003) High temperature dependence of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid degradation by Fe3+/H2O2 system. Chemosphere 51:963–971
Li FB, Li XZ, Liu CS, Li XM, Liu TX (2007) Effect of oxalate on photodegradation of bisphenol a at the interface of different iron oxides. Ind Eng Chem Res 46:781–787
Lucas MS, Peres JA (2007) Degradation of Reactive Black 5 by Fenton/UV-C and ferrioxalate/H2O2/solar light processes. Dyes Pigments 74:622–629
Malato S, Fernandez-Ibanez P, Maldonado MI, Blanco J, Gernjak W (2009) Decontamination and disinfection of water by solar photocatalysis: recent overview and trends. Catal Today 147:1–59
Mao L, Meng C, Zeng C, Ji YF, Yang X, Gao SX (2011) The effect of nitrate, bicarbonate and natural organic matter on the degradation of sunscreen agent p-aminobenzoic acid by simulated solar irradiation. Sci Total Environ 409:5376–5381
Michael I, Achilleos A, Lambropoulou D, Torrens VO, Pérez S, Petrović M, Barceló D, Fatta-Kassinos D (2014) Proposed transformation pathway and evolution profile of diclofenac and ibuprofen transformation products during (sono)photocatalysis. Appl Catal B Environ 147:1015–1027
Monteagudo JM, Duran A, Aguirre M, San Martin I (2010) Photodegradation of Reactive Blue 4 solutions under ferrioxalate-assisted UV/solar photo-Fenton system with continuous addition of H2O2 and air injection. Chem Eng J 162:702–709
Moreira FC, Boaventura RAR, Brillas E, Vilar VJP (2015) Degradation of trimethoprim antibiotic by UVA photoelectro-Fenton process mediated by Fe(III)-carboxylate complexes. Appl Catal B-Environ 162:34–44
Muneer M, Bahnemann D (2002) Semiconductor-mediated photocatalyzed degradation of two selected pesticide derivatives, terbacil and 2,4,5-tribromoimidazole, in aqueous suspension. Appl Catal B-Environ 36:95–111
Navarro S, Fenoll J, Vela N, Ruiz E, Navarro G (2011) Removal of ten pesticides from leaching water at pilot plant scale by photo-Fenton treatment. Chem Eng J 167:42–49
Nogueira RFP, Guimaraes JR (2000) Photodegradation of dichloroacetic acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol by ferrioxalate/H2O2 system. Water Res 34:895–901
Ozaez I, Martinez-Guitarte JL, Morcillo G (2013) Effects of in vivo exposure to UV filters (4-MBC, OMC, BP-3, 4-HB, OC, OD-PABA) on endocrine signaling genes in the insect Chironomus riparius. Sci Total Environ 456:120–126
Papageorgiou M, Kosma C, Lambropoulou D (2016) Seasonal occurrence, removal, mass loading and environmental risk assessment of 55 pharmaceuticals and personal care products in a municipal wastewater treatment plant in Central Greece. Sci Total Environ 543:547–569
Pignatello JJ, Oliveros E, MacKay A (2006) Advanced oxidation processes for organic contaminant destruction based on the Fenton reaction and related chemistry. Crit Rev Env Sci Tec 36:1–84
Riga A, Soutsas K, Ntampegliotis K, Karayannis V, Papapolymerou G (2007) Effect of system parameters and of inorganic salts on the decolorization and degradation of Procion H-exl dyes. Comparison of H2O2/UV, Fenton, UV/Fenton, TiO2/UV and TiO2/UV/H2O2 processes. Desalination 211:72–86
Ruppert G, Bauer R, Heisler G (1993) The photo-Fenton reaction—an effective photochemical wastewater treatment process. J Photoch Photobio A 73:75–78
Safarzadeh Amiri A, Bolton JR, Cater SR (1997) Ferrioxalate-mediated photodegradation of organic pollutants in contaminated water. Water Res 31:787–798
Schlumpf M, Cotton B, Conscience M, Haller V, Steinmann B, Lichtensteiger W (2001) In vitro and in vivo estrogenicity of UV screens. Environ Health Persp 109:239–244
Schmidt T, Ring J, Abeck D (1998) Photoallergic contact dermatitis due to combined UVB (4-methylbenzylidene camphor/octyl methoxycinnamate) and UVA (benzophenone-3/butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane) absorber sensitization. Dermatology 196:354–357
Selvam K, Muruganandham M, Swaminathan M (2005) Enhanced heterogeneous ferrioxalate photo-Fenton degradation of reactive orange 4 by solar light. Sol Energ Mat Sol C 89:61–74
Silva TFCV, Ferreira R, Soares PA, Manenti DR, Fonseca A, Saraiva I, Boaventura RAR, Vilar VJP (2015) Insights into solar photo-Fenton reaction parameters in the oxidation of a sanitary landfill leachate at lab-scale. J Environ Manag 164:32–40
Solar S, Getoff N, Zona R, Solar W (2011) Oxidation of ortho- and para-aminobenzoic acid. A pulse radiolysis- and gamma radiolysis study. Radiat Phys Chem 80:932–936
Soto-Vázquez L, Cotto M, Ducongé J, Morant C, Márquez F (2016) Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of TiO2 nanowires in the degradation of p-aminobenzoic acid: a comparative study with a commercial catalyst. J Environ Manag 167:23–28
Tamimi M, Qourzal S, Barka N, Assabbane A, Ait-Ichou Y (2008) Methomyl degradation in aqueous solutions by Fenton's reagent and the photo-Fenton system. Sep Purif Technol 61:103–108
Tokumura M, Morito R, Hatayama R, Kawase Y (2011) Iron redox cycling in hydroxyl radical generation during the photo-Fenton oxidative degradation: dynamic change of hydroxyl radical concentration. Appl Catal B-Environ 106:565–576
Tsoumachidou S, Velegraki T, Poulios I (2016) TiO2 photocatalytic degradation of UV filter para-aminobenzoic acid under artificial and solar illumination. J Chem Technol Biot 91:1773–1781
Xu XR, Li XY, Li XZ, Li HB (2009) Degradation of melatonin by UV, UV/H2O2, Fe2+/H2O2 and UV/Fe2+/H2O2 processes. Sep Purif Technol 68:261–266
Xue Y, Dong W, Wang X, Bi W, Zhai P, Li H, Nie M (2016) Degradation of sunscreen agent p-aminobenzoic acid using a combination system of UV irradiation, persulphate and iron(II). Environ Sci Pollut R 23:4561–4568
Yang M, Hu J, Ito K (1998) Characteristics of Fe2+/H2O2/UV oxidization process. Environ Technol 19:183–191
Zapata A, Velegraki T, Sanchez-Perez JA, Mantzavinos D, Maldonado MI, Malato S (2009) Solar photo-Fenton treatment of pesticides in water: effect of iron concentration on degradation and assessment of ecotoxicity and biodegradability. Appl Catal B-Environ 88:448–454
Zapata A, Malato S, Sanchez-Perez JA, Oller I, Maldonado MI (2010) Scale-up strategy for a combined solar photo-Fenton/biological system for remediation of pesticide-contaminated water. Catal Today 151:100–106
Zhou L, Ji Y, Zeng C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Yang X (2013) Aquatic photodegradation of sunscreen agent p-aminobenzoic acid in the presence of dissolved organic matter. Water Res 47:153–162
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Suresh Pillai
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tsoumachidou, S., Lambropoulou, D. & Poulios, I. Homogeneous photocatalytic oxidation of UV filter para-aminobenzoic acid in aqueous solutions. Environ Sci Pollut Res 24, 1113–1121 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7434-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7434-2