Skip to main content

Morphology characteristics and mode of CaO encapsulation during treatment of electrolytic manganese solid waste

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 23, pages 21861–21871 (2016)Cite this article

Abstract

Electrolytic manganese solid waste (EMSW) is composed of manganese, calcium, and other sulfates. Common practice in China is to treat EMSW with quicklime (CaO); however, the per unit mass treatment efficiency of CaO is low. Studies of the interface between the CaO and EMSW particle and their microstructural characteristics are limited; these interactions may explain the low treatment efficiency. We conducted leaching experiments and measurements of the secondary heat generated by hydration of CaO to assess the extent of excess CaO in EMSW. The microstructure of CaO was also analyzed. It was determined that excess CaO particles in the EMSW were encapsulated, which influenced CaO hydration and morphology. The outer layer of the encapsulated CaO contained high levels of calcium and sulfur, which postulated to be caused by CaSO4 precipitates formed from the reaction of CaO hydration products with soluble sulfate. Three types of CaO encapsulation were identified: fully encapsulated CaO (55 % of the total CaO), partly encapsulated CaO (32 %), and self-encapsulated CaO (13 %). High concentrations of soluble sulfates in EMSW cause CaO encapsulation. These react to form CaSO4, which could negatively influence mass transfer and result in low treatment efficiency of EMSW by CaO.

This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.

Access options

Buy single article

Instant access to the full article PDF.

43,34 €

Price includes VAT (Finland)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7

References

  • Al-Mukhtar M, Khattab S, Alcover J-F (2012) Microstructure and geotechnical properties of lime-treated expansive clayey soil. Eng Geol 139-140:17–27

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chen Q, Luo Z, Hills C, Xue G, Tyrer M (2009) Precipitation of heavy metals from wastewater using simulated flue gas: sequent additions of fly ash, lime and carbon dioxide. Water Res 43:2605–2614

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • De Graef B, Cnudde V, Dick J, De Belie N, Jacobs P, Verstraete W (2005) A sensitivity study for the visualisation of bacterial weathering of concrete and stone with computerised X-ray microtomography. Sci Total Environ 341:173–183

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Du B 2015: Immobilization mechanism on soluble manganese from electrolytic manganese solid waste with chemical stabilization treatment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing

  • Du B, Hou D, Duan N, Zhou C, Wang J, Dan Z (2015) Immobilization of high concentrations of soluble Mn (II) from electrolytic manganese solid waste using inorganic chemicals. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:7782–7793

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan N, Wang F, Zhou CB, Zhu C, Yu H (2010) Analysis of pollution materials generated from electrolytic manganese industies in China. Resour Conserv Recycl 54:506–511

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Duan N, Dan Z, Wang F, Pan C, Zhou C, Jiang L (2011) Electrolytic manganese metal industry experience based China’s new model for cleaner production promotion. J Clean Prod 19:2082–2087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Genc A, Chase G, Foos A (2009) Electrokinetic removal of manganese from river sediment. Water Air Soil Pollut 197:131–141

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasson D (1958) Reactivity of lime and related oxides. II. Sorption of water vapour on calcium oxide. J Appl Chem 8:798–803

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasson D (1961) Reactivity of lime and related oxides. VI. Crystal changes in carbonatated lime at different temperatures. J Appl Chem 11:28–34

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasson D (1963) Reactivity of lime and related oxides. IX. Hydration of magnesium oxide. J Appl Chem 13:119–123

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glasson D (1965) Reactivity of lime and related oxides. XV. Crystalline forms of sulphated lime. J Appl Chem 15:439–444

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Haberlah D, McTainsh GH (2011) Quantifying particle aggregation in sediments. Sedimentology 58:1208–1216

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Li M, Luo Y, Su Z (2007) Heavy metal concentrations in soils and plant accumulation in a restored manganese mineland in Guangxi, South China. Environ Pollut 147:168–175

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallampati SR, Mitoma Y, Okuda T, Sakita S, Kakeda M (2012) Enhanced heavy metal immobilization in soil by grinding with addition of nanometallic Ca/CaO dispersion mixture. Chemosphere 89:717–723

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mallampati SR, Mitoma Y, Okuda T, Sakita S, Simion C (2014) Simultaneous decontamination of cross-polluted soils with heavy metals and PCBs using a nano-metallic Ca/CaO dispersion mixture. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21:9270–9277

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manzano H, Pellenq RJ, Ulm F-J, Buehler MJ, van Duin AC (2012) Hydration of calcium oxide surface predicted by reactive force field molecular dynamics. Langmuir 28:4187–4197

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascolo G, Mascolo MC, Vitale A, Marino O (2010) Microstructure evolution of lime putty upon aging. J Cryst Growth 312:2363–2368

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Puppala AJ, Intharasombat N, Vempati RK (2005) Experimental studies on ettringite-induced heaving in soils. J Geotech Geoenviron 131:325–337

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Serris E, Favergeon L, Pijolat M, Soustelle M, Nortier P, Gärtner R, Chopin T, Habib Z (2011) Study of the hydration of CaO powder by gas–solid reaction. Cem Concr Res 41:1078–1084

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song H, Kim C (1990) The effect of surface carbonation on the hydration of CaO. Cem Concr Res 20:815–823

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xin B, Chen B, Duan N, Zhou C (2011) Extraction of manganese from electrolytic manganese residue by bioleaching. Bioresour Technol 102:1683–1687

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Xu F, Jiang L, Dan Z, Gao X, Duan N, Han G, Zhu H (2014) Water balance analysis and wastewater recycling investigation in electrolytic manganese industry of China—a case study. Hydrometallurgy 149:12–22

    CAS  Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yin S, Xingzhong Y, Guangmin Z, Huimeng L, Lian L (2009) Speciation distribution and biological activity of heavy metals in manganese sulphate residue-polluted soil. Environ Prot Chem Indu 29:300–303

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We thank two anonymous reviewers whose comments improved the manuscript. We would like to gratefully acknowledge the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs by the Ministry of Science & Technology of China (Grant No. 2012BAF03B03), the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 21506199), and the Research Projects of Shanxi Province (Grant No. MC2014-06).

Author information

Affiliations

  1. Technology Center for Heavy Metal Cleaner Production Engineerings, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Bing Du, Zhigang Dan, Tingzheng Guo, Haiyan Zhang, Feifei Shi & Ning Duan

  2. Key Laboratory for Solid Waste Management and Environment Safety, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Bing Du & Jianguo Liu

  3. Institute of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China

    Bing Du

  4. State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment & Cleaner Production Centre, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China

    Changbo Zhou

Authors
  1. Bing Du
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Zhigang Dan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Changbo Zhou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Tingzheng Guo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Jianguo Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Haiyan Zhang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Feifei Shi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ning Duan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Zhigang Dan.

Additional information

Responsible editor: Angeles Blanco

Rights and permissions

Reprints and Permissions

About this article

Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Du, B., Dan, Z., Zhou, C. et al. Morphology characteristics and mode of CaO encapsulation during treatment of electrolytic manganese solid waste. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 21861–21871 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7347-0

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-7347-0

Keywords

  • Electrolytic manganese solid waste
  • Calcium oxide
  • Encapsulation
  • Secondary hydration heat
  • Microstructure