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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Neurotransmissional, structural, and conduction velocity changes in cerebral ganglions of Lumbricus terrestris on exposure to acrylamide

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This article was retracted on 22 February 2023

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Abstract

Acrylamide (ACR), an environmental toxin though being investigated for decades, remains an enigma with respect to its mechanism/site of actions. We aim to explicate the changes in cerebral ganglions and giant fibers along with the behavior of worms on ACR intoxication (3.5–17.5 mg/mL of medium/7 days). Neurotransmitter analysis revealed increased levels of excitatory glutamate and inhibitory gamma amino butyrate with reduced levels of dopamine, serotonin, melatonin, and epinephrine (p < 0.001). Scanning electron microscopy showed architectural changes in cerebral ganglions at 3.5 mg/mL/ACR. The learning behavior as evidenced by Pavlovian and maze tests was also altered well at 3.5 mg/mL of ACR. Electrophysiological assessment showed a reduction in conduction velocity of the medial and lateral giant nerve fibers. We speculate that the observed dose/time-dependent changes in neurotransmission, neurosecretion, and conduction velocity on ACR intoxication at 17.5 mg/ml, possibly, could be due to its effect on nerve fibers governing motor functions. The bioaccumulation factor in the range of 0.38–0.99 mg/g of ACR causes a detrimental impact on giant fibers affecting behavior of worm. The observations made using the simple invertebrate model implicate that the cerebral ganglionic variations in the worms may be useful to appreciate the pathology of the neurological diseases which involve motor neuron dysfunction, esp where the availability of brain samples from the victims are scarce.

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Acknowledgements

The authors thank UGC, New Delhi, for providing the financial assistance for the study. The authors also thank Dr. P. Mullainathan, Professor, Department of Zoology, and personnel of Physics laboratory for assisting in the microscopic analysis and conduction of the velocity measurements, respectively.

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  1. Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras, Guindy Campus, Chennai, 600 025, Tamil Nadu, India

    Mamangam Subaraja & A. J. Vanisree

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  1. Mamangam Subaraja
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  2. A. J. Vanisree
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Correspondence to A. J. Vanisree.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

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Subaraja, M., Vanisree, A.J. RETRACTED ARTICLE: Neurotransmissional, structural, and conduction velocity changes in cerebral ganglions of Lumbricus terrestris on exposure to acrylamide. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 17123–17131 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6815-x

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6815-x

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