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Leaf structural traits of tropical woody species resistant to cement dust

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Abstract

Cement industries located nearby limestone outcrops in Brazil have contributed to the coating of cement dust over native plant species. However, little is known about the extent of the response of tropical woody plants to such environmental pollutant particularly during the first stages of plant development and establishment. This work focused on the investigation of possible alterations in leaf structural and ultrastructural traits of 5-month-old Guazuma ulmifolia Lam. (Malvaceae), 6-month-old Myracrodruon urundeuva Allemão (Anacardiaceae), and 9-month-old Trichilia hirta L. (Meliaceae) challenged superficially with cement dust during new leaf development. Leaf surface of plants, the soil or both (leaf plus soil), were treated (or not) for 60 days, under controlled conditions, with cement dust at 2.5 or 5.0 mg cm−2. After exposure, no significant structural changes were observed in plant leaves. Also, no plant death was recorded by the end of the experiment. There was also some evidence of localized leaf necrosis in G. ulmifolia and T. hirta, leaf curling in M. urundeuva and T. hirta, and bulges formation on epidermal surface of T. hirta, after cement dust contact with plant shoots. All species studied exhibited stomata obliteration while T. hirta, in particular, presented early leaf abscission, changes in cellular relief, and organization and content of midrib cells. No significant ultrastructural alterations were detected under the experimental conditions studied. Indeed, mesophyll cells presented plastids with intact membrane systems. The high plant survival rates, together with mild morphoanatomic traits alterations in leaves, indicate that G. ulmifolia is more resistant to cement dust pollutant, followed by M. urundeuva and T. hirta. Thus, the three plant species are promising for being used to revegetate areas impacted by cement industries activities.

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Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for the financial support (473261/2010-3) for the doctoral scholarship to the first author and for research grants to EAS Paiva and LV Modolo. The authors also thank Josiane A. T. Oliveira for the assistance with experiments and sample harvesting, Jonilson S. Pissinati for helping with the design of the schematic diagram of the dust chamber, and to the Centro de Microscopia at UFMG (http://www.microscopia.ufmg.br) for providing with technical support and equipment for the ultrastructural analyses. We also thank the anonymous reviewers for their contributions to the improvement of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departamento de Botânica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, 31270-901, MG, Brazil

    Advanio Inácio Siqueira-Silva, Luzia Valentina Modolo & Elder Antonio Sousa Paiva

  2. Instituto de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Campus Florestal, Florestal, 35690-000, MG, Brazil

    Eduardo Gusmão Pereira

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  1. Advanio Inácio Siqueira-Silva
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  2. Eduardo Gusmão Pereira
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  3. Luzia Valentina Modolo
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  4. Elder Antonio Sousa Paiva
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Correspondence to Advanio Inácio Siqueira-Silva.

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Responsible editor: Philippe Garrigues

Highlights

• G. ulmifolia, M. urundeuva and T. hirta are resistant to cement dust.

• The degree of resistance to the pollutant varies according to the plant species.

• All three species are eligible for further field studies for revegetation.

• Leaf morphoanatomy studies can help identifying resistant plants to cement dust.

• Mild leaf injuries observed in plants were due to direct contact with cement dust.

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ESM 1

Schematic diagram of the chamber used for the application of cement dust. The particulate cement material was introduced into the column (2), which in contact with the air coming from the compressor pump (1) was driven to the homogenization chamber (3) and subsequently to the deposition chamber (4). The arrows indicate the flow of dust in suspension. (JPG 114 kb)

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Siqueira-Silva, A.I., Pereira, E.G., Modolo, L.V. et al. Leaf structural traits of tropical woody species resistant to cement dust. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 16104–16114 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-016-6793-z

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