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Assessing toxic effects of [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4 in zebrafish adults using a biomarker approach

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Abstract

In the present study, the toxic effects of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([Omim]Cl) and 1-octyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([Omim]BF4) on the zebrafish livers were studied at 0, 5, 10, 20, and 40 mg L−1 on the 7th and 14th days. In addition, the concentrations of [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4 in the test water, the acute toxicity of the two ionic liquids (ILs), and the influence of anions on the toxicity of the ILs were evaluated. The acute toxicity test results showed 50 % lethal concentration (LC50) values of 152.3 ± 12.1 mg L−1 for [Omim]Cl and 144.0 ± 11.4 mg L−1 for [Omim]BF4. At the lowest concentration investigated (5 mg L−1), [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4 did not significantly affect zebrafish during the exposure period. However, the toxic effects of these substances were enhanced as dosing concentrations and exposure times were increased. Levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were significantly enhanced on the 7th day after 20 mg L−1 and on the 14th day after 10 mg L−1 of either substance was applied, resulting in oxidative damage, such as lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. The experimental results also indicated little effect of the anions on the toxicity of ILs and consistent toxic effects of [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4.

The graphical abstract for the present study after exposure to [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4. The letter R represents the anions Cl− and BF4 −

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Acknowledgments

The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China [Nos. 21277083 and 21377075].

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Resources and Environment, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, People’s Republic of China

    Tong Liu, Yingying Guo, Jinhua Wang, Jun Wang, Lusheng Zhu, Jun Zhang & Cheng Zhang

  2. College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, 61 Daizong Road, Taian, 271018, China

    Jinhua Wang & Lusheng Zhu

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  1. Tong Liu
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  2. Yingying Guo
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  3. Jinhua Wang
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  4. Jun Wang
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  5. Lusheng Zhu
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  6. Jun Zhang
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  7. Cheng Zhang
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Correspondence to Jinhua Wang or Lusheng Zhu.

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Responsible editor: Cinta Porte

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Liu, T., Guo, Y., Wang, J. et al. Assessing toxic effects of [Omim]Cl and [Omim]BF4 in zebrafish adults using a biomarker approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 7360–7368 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5887-3

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-5887-3

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