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Assessing pollution in marine protected areas: the role of a multi-biomarker and multi-organ approach

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Abstract

Marine protected areas (MPAs) are vulnerable to many pressures, including pollution. However, environmental quality monitoring in these areas traditionally relies on only water chemistry and microbiological parameters. The goal of the current study was to investigate the role of a set of biomarkers in different target organs (liver, kidney, and gills) of fish in order to assess the environmental quality of an MPA (MTs, GPx, GST, GSH, DNA damage, LPO, AChE, and condition index). Chemical analyses were also performed on liver and muscle tissues to evaluate metal body burdens, and PAHs were identified in bile. A demersal fish (Cathorops spixii) that is widely consumed by the local population was used as bioindicator species, and the results were integrated using multivariate analysis. The use of the biomarker approach allowed for the identification of both seasonal and spatial variations in pollution sources around the Environmental Protected Area of Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe (APA-CIP). Higher metal body burdens associated with biological responses were found in the sites under the influence of urban areas during the dry season, and they were found in the sites under the influence of the Ribeira de Iguape River (RIR) during the rainy season. The liver was found to be more responsive in terms of its antioxidant responses, whereas gills were found to be more responsive to biomarkers of effect. These results show that this set of biomarker analyses in different organs of fish is a useful tool for assessing chemical pollution in an MPA.

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Abbreviations

AChE:

Acetylcholinesterase

APA-CIP:

Environmental Protected Area of Cananéia-Iguape-Peruíbe

D:

Dry season

FA/PCA:

Factor analysis (with principal component analysis as the extraction method)

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GSH:

Non-protein reduced thiols

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

LPO:

Lipid peroxidation

MPAs:

Marine protected areas

MTs:

Metallothionein-like protein

P:

Partially dry season

PAHs:

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

R:

Rainy season

RIR:

Ribeira de Iguape River

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Acknowledgments

The authors wish to thank the Brazilian agency, known as the Comissão de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES), for granting a Ph.D. scholarship and the Brazilian institution, known as the Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), for the financial support for this research (FAPESP #09/52762-6). We are also grateful to the USP Oceanography Institute for providing support for field work in Cananéia.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Post-Graduation Program in Ecology and Conservation, Universidade Federal do Paraná, P.O. Box 19031, CEP 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

    Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri & Ciro Alberto Oliveira Ribeiro

  2. Laboratório de Toxicologia Celular, Departamento de Biologia Celular, Universidade Federal do Paraná, CP19031, 81531-990, Curitiba, PR, Brazil

    Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri

  3. NEPEA, Campus do Litoral Paulista, Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Praça Infante Dom Henrique, s/n, CP 11330-900, São Vicente, SP, Brazil

    Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri, Giuliana Seraphim de Araújo, Ana Carolina Feitosa Cruz, Denis Moledo de Sousa Abessa & Ciro Alberto Oliveira Ribeiro

  4. Departamento de Ciências do Mar, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Av. Almirante Saldanha da Gama, 89, CP 11030-490, Santos, SP, Brazil

    Rodrigo Brasil Choueri

  5. Instituto Oceanográfico, Universidade de São Paulo, Praça do Oceanográfico, 191, CP 05508-120, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

    Giuliana Seraphim de Araújo & Ana Carolina Feitosa Cruz

  6. Post-Graduation Program in Applied Chemistry, Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa, Av. General Carlos Cavalcanti, 4748 Uvaranas, CP 84030-900, Ponta Grossa, PR, Brazil

    Tatiana Stremel & Sandro Campos

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  1. Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri
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  2. Rodrigo Brasil Choueri
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  3. Giuliana Seraphim de Araújo
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  7. Denis Moledo de Sousa Abessa
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Correspondence to Paloma Kachel Gusso-Choueri.

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Gusso-Choueri, P.K., Choueri, R.B., de Araújo, G.S. et al. Assessing pollution in marine protected areas: the role of a multi-biomarker and multi-organ approach. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 18047–18065 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4911-y

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4911-y

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