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Radioactivity levels and heavy metals in the urban soil of Central Serbia

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Abstract

Radioactivity concentrations and heavy metal content were measured in soil samples collected from the area of Kragujevac, one of the largest cities in Serbia. The specific activities of 226Ra, 232Th, 40K and 137Cs in 30 samples were measured by gamma spectrometry using an HPGe semiconductor detector. The average values ± standard deviations were 33.5 ± 8.2, 50.3 ± 10.6, 425.8 ± 75.7 and 40.2 ± 26.3 Bq kg−1, respectively. The activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th and 137Cs have shown normal distribution. The annual effective doses, radium equivalent activities, external hazard indexes and excess lifetime cancer risk were also estimated. A RAD7 device was used for measuring radon exhalation rates from several samples with highest content of 226Ra. The concentrations of As, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were measured, as well as their EDTA extractable concentrations. Wide ranges of values were obtained, especially for Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn. The absence of normal distribution indicates anthropogenic origin of Cr, Ni, Pb and Zn. Correlations between radionuclide activities, heavy metal contents and physicochemical properties of analysed soil were determined by Spearman correlation coefficient. Strong positive correlation between 226Ra and 232Th was found.

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Acknowledgments

The present work was supported by the Ministry of Education, Science and Technology Development of the Republic of Serbia, under the Project No. 171021 and Project No. III41028.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Science, University of Kragujevac, R. Domanovica 12, Kragujevac, 34000, Serbia

    B. Milenkovic, J. M. Stajic & D. Nikezic

  2. Faculty of Natural Science, University of Pristina, Lole Ribara 29, 38220, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia

    Lj. Gulan

  3. Institute of Field and Vegetable Crops, Maksima Gorkog 30, Novi Sad, 21000, Serbia

    T. Zeremski

Authors
  1. B. Milenkovic
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  2. J. M. Stajic
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  3. Lj. Gulan
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  4. T. Zeremski
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  5. D. Nikezic
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Correspondence to B. Milenkovic.

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Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu

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Milenkovic, B., Stajic, J.M., Gulan, L. et al. Radioactivity levels and heavy metals in the urban soil of Central Serbia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 16732–16741 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4869-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4869-9

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