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Natural deep eutectic solvent mediated pretreatment of rice straw: bioanalytical characterization of lignin extract and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass residue

  • Pollution control technologies and alternate energy options
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Abstract

The present investigation demonstrated pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass rice straw using natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs), and separation of high-quality lignin and holocellulose in a single step. Qualitative analysis of the NADES extract showed that the extracted lignin was of high purity (>90 %), and quantitative analysis showed that nearly 60 ± 5 % (w/w) of total lignin was separated from the lignocellulosic biomass. Addition of 5.0 % (v/v) water during pretreatment significantly enhanced the total lignin extraction, and nearly 22 ± 3 % more lignin was released from the residual biomass into the NADES extract. X-ray diffraction studies of the untreated and pretreated rice straw biomass showed that the crystallinity index ratio was marginally decreased from 46.4 to 44.3 %, indicating subtle structural alterations in the crystalline and amorphous regions of the cellulosic fractions. Thermogravimetric analysis of the pretreated biomass residue revealed a slightly higher T dcp (295 °C) compared to the T dcp (285 °C) of untreated biomass. Among the tested NADES reagents, lactic acid/choline chloride at molar ratio of 5:1 extracted maximum lignin of 68 ± 4 mg g−1 from the rice straw biomass, and subsequent enzymatic hydrolysis of the residual holocellulose enriched biomass showed maximum reducing sugars of 333 ± 11 mg g−1 with a saccharification efficiency of 36.0 ± 3.2 % in 24 h at 10 % solids loading.

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Abbreviations

NADESs:

Natural deep eutectic solvents

T dcp :

Thermal onset of decomposition

IL:

Ionic liquid

DESs:

Deep eutectic solvents

CMC:

Carboxymethyl cellulose

PNPG:

p-Nitrophenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

LA:

Lactic acid

BE:

Betaine

LC:

Lactic acid/choline chloride

CC:

Choline chloride

XRD:

X-ray diffractometer

CrI:

Crystallinity index

I cry :

Intensity of crystalline region

I amp :

Intensity of amorphous region

FTIR:

Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy

KBr:

Potassium bromide

TGA:

Thermogravimetric analysis

NREL:

National Renewable Energy Laboratory

FPU:

Filter paper unit

HPLC:

High-performance liquid chromatography

PES:

Polyether sulfone

HCl:

Hydrochloric acid

H2SO4 :

Sulfuric acid

[Bmim][Cl]:

1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride

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Acknowledgments

The authors are thankful to the Director, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Gujarat, India, for the financial support through Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR-ACRIP) project code VVN/RES/LBT/2014/5 to carry out the research. The authors acknowledge helpful discussions with Prof. Datta Madambar, BRD School of Biosciences, Sardar Patel University, Gujarat, India. The authors are thankful to Er. Farha Tinwala, Thermochemical Conversion Division, SPRERI for helpful discussions on viscosity measurement of NADES reagents.

Author contributions

BSP and MP performed research experiments; AKK designed, supervised the research work, and wrote the manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Author notes

  1. Mohanty Pravakar

    Present address: Science and Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi, 110 070, India

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Bioconversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Post box No. 2, near BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India

    Adepu K. Kumar & Bhumika S. Parikh

  2. Thermochemical Conversion Technology Division, Sardar Patel Renewable Energy Research Institute, Post box No. 2, near BVM Engineering College, Vallabh Vidyanagar, 388 120, Gujarat, India

    Mohanty Pravakar

Authors
  1. Adepu K. Kumar
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  2. Bhumika S. Parikh
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Correspondence to Adepu K. Kumar.

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Responsible editor: Angeles Blanco

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Kumar, A.K., Parikh, B.S. & Pravakar, M. Natural deep eutectic solvent mediated pretreatment of rice straw: bioanalytical characterization of lignin extract and enzymatic hydrolysis of pretreated biomass residue. Environ Sci Pollut Res 23, 9265–9275 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4780-4

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