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National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis

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Abstract

The aim of this study was to compare estimation of nicotine use in Slovakia (SR) and the Czech Republic (CR) based on cotinine analysis in wastewater from seven selected wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with conventional estimation based on tobacco product sales. Urinary bio-markers of nicotine use were analyzed by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The study was performed concurrently at all the WWTPs (from 11 to 18 March 2014). Representative 24 h composite samples were analyzed with on line SPE/LC-MS/MS method. Based on the average residence time of wastewater in the sewers and the average time in the sampling device, specific correction coefficients were designed to improve estimation of nicotine consumption. Nicotine ingestion level was back-calculated and expressed as mass of pure drug consumed per day and per 1000 inhabitants for selected cities of both countries (mean, 2.2 g for Piešťany and 8.0 g for Nitra, respectively). Consequently, the cigarette consumption results were recalculated for each country separately and compared with the data of both national statistical offices (2362 cigarettes/year/person—SR and 2088 cigarettes/year/person—CR). Our results highly correspond to the data of national statistical offices (up to 99.9 % in SR and to 96 % in CR). The average amount of money invested in cigarette sales was estimated in the capitals of both countries. It is about 1 million EUR/day for Prague and about 0.3 million EUR/day for Bratislava. The calculation of nicotine consumption, utilizing a specific correction coefficient, is the correct way to obtain more accurate data in drug studies of this kind, thus allowing a better drug abuse assessment.

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Acknowledgements

This work was supported by the Slovak Research and Development Agency under the contract No. APVV-0122-12, by Slovak National Monitoring Center for drugs under the contract No. 122/2013 and the CENAKVA CZ.1.05/2.1.00/01.0024 project, the project LO1205with a financial support from the MEYS of the CR under the NPU I program.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Tomáš Mackuľak & Igor Bodík

  2. Institute of Biochemistry, Nutrition and Health Protection, Faculty of Chemical and Food Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Radlinského 9, 812 37, Bratislava, Slovakia

    Lucia Birošová & Jaroslav Škubák

  3. Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Zatisi 728/II, 389 01, Vodnany, Czech Republic

    Roman Grabic

Authors
  1. Tomáš Mackuľak
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  2. Lucia Birošová
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  3. Roman Grabic
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  4. Jaroslav Škubák
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  5. Igor Bodík
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Correspondence to Tomáš Mackuľak.

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Responsible editor: Ester Heath

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Mackuľak, T., Birošová, L., Grabic, R. et al. National monitoring of nicotine use in Czech and Slovak Republic based on wastewater analysis. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 14000–14006 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4648-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4648-7

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