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The dynamic interaction between combustible renewables and waste consumption and international tourism: the case of Tunisia

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Abstract

This paper employs the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) bounds methodological approach to investigate the relationship between economic growth, combustible renewables and waste consumption, carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions, and international tourism for the case of Tunisia spanning the period 1990–2010. The results from the Fisher statistic of both the Wald test and the Johansen test confirm the presence of a long-run relationship among the variables under investigation. The stability of estimated parameters has been tested, while Granger causality tests recommend a short-run unidirectional causality running from economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption to CO2 emissions, a bidirectional causality between economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption and unidirectional causality running from economic growth and combustible renewables and waste consumption to international tourism. In the long-run, the error correction terms confirm the presence of bidirectional causality relationships between economic growth, CO2 emissions, combustible renewables and waste consumption, and international tourism. Our long-run estimates show that combustible renewables and waste consumption increases international tourism, and both renewables and waste consumption and international tourism increase CO2 emissions and output. We recommend that (i) Tunisia should use more combustible renewables and waste energy as this eliminates wastes from touristic zones and increases the number of tourist arrivals, leading to economic growth, and (ii) a fraction of this economic growth generated by the increase in combustible renewables and waste consumption should be invested in clean renewable energy production (i.e., solar, wind, geothermal) and energy efficiency projects.

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Notes

  1. According to the ADF and PP unit root tests, the results indicate that all variables are nonstationary at their levels, but stationary after their first differences. These tests are available upon request.

  2. The ARDL bounds approach requires that all series are whether integrated of order zero, I(0), or of order one, I(1), or are fractionally integrated (I(0)/I(1)). However, we cannot proceed if one or more time series are integrated of order two, I(2), or beyond.

  3. The number of lags is obtained from the unrestricted VAR by means of some selection criteria such as log likelihood (LogL), log likelihood ratio (LR), final prediction error (FPE), Akaike information criterion (AIC), Schwarz information criterion (SIC), and Hannan-Quinn information criterion (HQ).

  4. The diagnostic tests (R-square, heteroskedasticity, serial correlation, and normality) are available upon request.

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Acknowledgments

The authors need to express their gratitude to two anonymous referees of this journal for their productive and constructive comments that enhanced the merit of this paper. Needless to say, the usual disclaimer applies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Amen Bank, Kef Agency, Tunis, Tunisia

    Mehdi Ben Jebli

  2. Manouba University, ESC de Tunis, Manouba, Tunisia

    Slim Ben Youssef

  3. Business School, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE18ST, UK

    Nicholas Apergis

Authors
  1. Mehdi Ben Jebli
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  2. Slim Ben Youssef
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  3. Nicholas Apergis
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Correspondence to Mehdi Ben Jebli.

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Ben Jebli, M., Ben Youssef, S. & Apergis, N. The dynamic interaction between combustible renewables and waste consumption and international tourism: the case of Tunisia. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 12050–12061 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-015-4483-x

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