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Impact of nanoparticles on human and environment: review of toxicity factors, exposures, control strategies, and future prospects

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Abstract

Nanotechnology has revolutionized the world through introduction of a unique class of materials and consumer products in many arenas. It has led to production of innovative materials and devices. Despite of their unique advantages and applications in domestic and industrial sectors, use of materials with dimensions in nanometers has raised the issue of safety for workers, consumers, and human environment. Because of their small size and other unique characteristics, nanoparticles have ability to harm human and wildlife by interacting through various mechanisms. We have reviewed the characteristics of nanoparticles which form the basis of their toxicity. This paper also reviews possible routes of exposure of nanoparticles to human body. Dermal contact, inhalation, and ingestion have been discussed in detail. As very limited data is available for long-term human exposures, there is a pressing need to develop the methods which can determine short and long-term effects of nanoparticles on human and environment. We also discuss in brief the strategies which can help to control human exposures to toxic nanoparticles. We have outlined the current status of toxicological studies dealing with nanoparticles, accomplishments, weaknesses, and future challenges.

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Acknowledgments

Muhammad Sajid, Muhammad Daud, and Nadeem Baig are highly thankful to KFUPM for providing scholarships for their PhD studies. Chanbasha Basheer gratefully acknowledges the Deanship of Scientific Research of KFUPM for the financial support of project (project no: IN141012).

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  1. Department of Chemistry, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Sajid, Chanbasha Basheer & Nadeem Baig

  2. Department of Chemical Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia

    Muhammad Ilyas, Muhammad Daud & Farrukh Shehzad

  3. Institute of Chemistry, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan

    Madiha Tariq

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  1. Muhammad Sajid
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Sajid, M., Ilyas, M., Basheer, C. et al. Impact of nanoparticles on human and environment: review of toxicity factors, exposures, control strategies, and future prospects. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 4122–4143 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3994-1

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