Abstract
Several have been performed to evaluate the mutagenicity of soil samples in urban and industrial areas. The use of uncontaminated reference areas has been an obstacle to the study of environmental mutagenesis. The study aimed to indicate a methodology to define reference areas in studies of environmental contamination based on “Ambient Background Concentration” of metallic elements associated with the Salmonella/microsome assay. We looked at three potential reference areas, two of them close by the industrial sources of contamination (São Jerônimo reference, near the coal-fired power plant, and Triunfo reference, near the wood preservative plant), but not directly influenced by them and an area located inside a protected area (Itapuã reference). We also carried out chemical analyses of some metals to plot the metal profile of these potential reference areas and define basal levels of these metals in the soils. After examining the mutagenicity of the inorganic extracts using strains TA98, TA97a, and TA100, in the presence and absence of S9 mix, we indicated the São Jerônimo reference and the Itapuã reference as two sites that could be used in future studies of mutagenicity of soils in southern Brazil. The association between a mutagenicity bioassay and the “Ambient Background Concentration” seems to be a useful method to indicate the reference areas in studies of contamination by environmental mutagens, where these results were corroborated by canonical correspondence analysis.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
ABNT. Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas (ABNT-NBR-10005) (2004) Procedimento para obtenção de extrato lixiviado de resíduos sólidos, Brasil (in Portuguese)
Centro de Ecologia da UFRGS (2000) Carvão e meio ambiente. Brochura, Porto Alegre (in Portuguese)
CONAMA, Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente. Resolução n 420 (2009). http://homologa.ambiente.sp.gov.br/aquiferos/CONAMA%20Resolucao%202009_420.pdf. Accessed 17 October 2012 (in Portuguese)
Coronas M, Horn R, Ducatti A, Rocha J, Vargas V (2008) Mutagenic activity of airborne particulate matter in a petrochemical industrial area. Mutat Res Genet Toxicol Environ Mutagen 650(2):196–201. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.12.002
Courty B, Curieux F, Belkessam L, Laboudigue A, Marzin D (2008) Mutagenic potency in Salmonella typhimurium of organic extracts of soil samples originating from urban, suburban, agricultural, forest and natural areas. Mutat Res 653:1–5. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.01.011
Da Silva Jr F, Vargas V (2009) Using the Salmonella assay to delineate the dispersion routes of mutagenic compounds from coal wastes in contaminated soil. Mutat Res 673:116–123. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.12.005
Da Silva Jr F, Rocha J, Vargas V (2009) Extraction parameters in the mutagenicity assay of soil samples. Sci Total Environ 407(23):6017–6023. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.08.021
Dutch List (1999). http://www.cetesb.sp.gov.br/Solo/areas_contaminadas/anexos/download/6530.pdf Accessed 17 October 2012.
EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 3545A (2007a) Pressurized Fluid Extraction (PFE). http://www.epa.gog/sw-846/pdfs/3545.pdf Accessed 17 October 2012.
EPA. Environmental Protection Agency. Method 6010C (2007b) Inductively Coupled Plasma – Atomic Emission Spectrometry. http://www.epa.gov/sw-846/pdfs/6010c.pdf. Accessed 17 October 2012
Health And Environmental Guidelines For Selected Timber Treatment Chemicals. Wellington (1997) http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/hazardous. Accessed 17 October 2012
Kado N, Langley D, Eisenst E (1983) A simple modification of the Salmonella liquid-incubation assay: Increased sensitivity for detecting mutagens in human urine. Mutat Res 121(1):25–32. doi:10.1016/0165-7992(83)90082-9
Maron D, Ames B (1983) Revised methods for the Salmonella mutagenicity test. Mutat Res 113(3–4):173–215. doi:10.1016/0165-1161(83)90010-9
Ohe T, Watanabe T, Wakabayashic K (2004) Mutagens in surface water: a review. Mutat Res 56:109–149. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.08.003
Pagano A, Zuger E (1992) Condictions for detecting the mutagenicity of divalent metals in Salmonella typhimurium. Environ Mol Mutagen 19:139–146. doi:10.1002/em.2850190208
Pohren R, Rocha J, Leal K, Vargas V (2012) Soil mutagenicity as a strategy to evaluate environmental and health risks in a contaminated area. Environ Int 44:40–52. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2012.01.008
Shen L, Wu J, Lin G, Shen J, Westendorf J, Huehnerfuss H (2003) The mutagenic potentials of tap water samples in shanghai. Chemosphere 52:1641–1646. doi:10.1016/S0045-6535(03)00504-6
Umbuzeiro G, Vargas V (2003) Teste de mutagenicidade com Salmonella typhimurium (Teste de Ames) como indicador de carcinogenicidade em potencial para mamíferos. In: Ribeiro LR, Salvadori DMF, Marques EK (eds) Mutagênese Ambiental. Ulbra, Canoas, pp 81–112 (in Portuguese)
Vargas V (2003) Mutagenic activity as a parameter to assess ambient air quality for protection of the environmental and human health. Mutat Res 544:313–319. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2003.06.020
Vargas V, Motta V, Henriques J (1993) Mutagenic activity detected by the Ames test in river water under the influence of petrochemical industries. Mutat Res 319:31–45
Vargas V, Migliavacca S, Melo A, Horn R, Guidobono R, Sá Ferreira I, Pestana M (2001) Genotoxicity assessment in aquatic environments under the influence of heavy metals and organic contaminants. Mutat Res 490:141–158. doi:10.1016/S1383-5718(00)00159-5
Watanabe T, Takahashi K, Konishi E, Hoshino Y, Hasei T, Asanoma M, Hirayama T, Wakabayashi K (2008) Mutagenicity of surface soil from residential areas in Kyoto city, Japan, and identification of major mutagens. Mutat Res 649:201–212. doi:10.1016/j.mrgentox.2007.09.002
White P, Claxton L (2004) Mutagens in contaminated soil: a review. Mutat Res 567:227–345. doi:10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.09.003
Zhao F, McGrath S, Merrington G (2007) Estimates of ambient background concentrations of trace metals in soils for risk assessment. Environ Pollut 148:221–229. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2006.10.041
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Zhihong Xu
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Meyer, D.D., Da Silva, F.M.R., Souza, J.W.M. et al. Pointing to potential reference areas to assess soil mutagenicity. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22, 5212–5217 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3835-2
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3835-2