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Occurrence of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (Paraquat) in irrigated soil of the Lake Chad Basin, Niger

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Abstract

Increased use of agrochemical products to improve yields for irrigated crops in sub-Saharan Africa has been accompanied by a significant increase in the risk of environmental contamination. Detailed examples of the fate of pesticides after initial spreading on crop fields are scarce in tropical regions, where safe practices and related health risks are poorly understood by smallholder farmers. In the semi-arid environment of the Lake Chad Basin, SE Niger, both intrinsic properties of pesticides and extrinsic factors such as soil and climate helped to characterize processes leading to an accumulation of pesticides in soils. Analysis by HPLC-UV of a 6 m deep soil profile showed the presence of Paraquat at concentrations from 953 ± 102 μg kg−1 to 3083 ± 175 μg kg−1 at depths between 0.80 and 2.75 m below the land surface. Soil analysis revealed that up to approximately 15 % of the total soil matrix consists of smectites, a clay mineral capable of retaining cationic pesticides such as Paraquat, and a very low content of organic matter (<0.15 wt.% TOC). Paraquat could be stored and not bioavailable in a clayey barrier at approximately 2-m depth and therefore does not represent an immediate risk for populations or environment in this form. However, if the Paraquat application rate remains constant, the clayey barrier could reach a saturation limit within 150–200 years and 180–220 years if we consider a DT50 in soil of ~1,000 days (FAO). Consequently, it could lead to a deeper infiltration and so a pollution of groundwater. Such a scenario can represent a health risk for drinking water and for the Lake Chad, which is a major resource for this densely populated region of semi-arid Africa. Further analyses should focus on deeper layers and groundwater Paraquat contents to validate or invalidate the hypothesis of storage in this clay-rich layer.

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Acknowledgments

This work was funded both by the French Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and by the Water Agency of Seine Normandy (Agence de l'Eau Seine Normandie, Rouen, France). The Regional Direction of Hydraulics (DRH Diffa) and the N’Gada microcredit organization in Diffa are warmly thanked for their help in listing practices and/or chemical products in use for cultivation in SE Niger. We also warmly acknowledge the help of local farmers of the village of Boulanguri for allowing access to field sites. Steve Anderson (KARKARA NGO, Diffa, Niger) is also thanked for his detailed comments on the manuscript and Marie Vaccaro (University of Rouen) for her technical assistance. We are grateful to Dr. Bridget R. Scanlon (University of Texas at Austin) for her editorial assistance.

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  1. Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, UMR CNRS/INSU 6143, Laboratory M2C, University of Rouen, 76130, Mont Saint Aignan cedex, France

    Marc Crampon, Yoann Copard & Julie Raux

  2. Institut des Sciences de la Terre d’Orléans, UMR CNRS/INSU 7327 ISTO, University of Orleans, 45071, Orléans cedex 2, France

    Yoann Copard

  3. Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, UMR CNRS HydroSciences Montpellier, cc MSE, pl. E Bataillon, University of Montpellier 2, 34095, Montpellier cedex 5, France

    Guillaume Favreau & Maïmouna Ibrahim

  4. Department of Geology, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, University Abdou Moumouni, BP 10662, Niamey, Niger

    Guillaume Favreau & Maïmouna Ibrahim

  5. Laboratory GéHCO, University of Tours, 37095, Tours cedex, France

    Julie Raux

  6. UMR CNRS 6014 COBRA, University of Rouen, 27000, Evreux, France

    Marc Crampon, Nadine Merlet-Machour & Florence Portet-Koltalo

  7. SMS, UPRES 3233, University of Rouen, 76130, Mont Saint Aignan cedex, France

    Valérie Peulon-Agasse

  8. UFR SFA, Unité de formation Géosciences, University of Poitiers, 86073, Poitiers Cedex 9, France

    Mathieu Le Coz

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Pesticides used by smallholder farmers in the downstream part of the Komadugu Yobé 1 River, SE Niger (DOCX 20 kb)

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Crampon, M., Copard, Y., Favreau, G. et al. Occurrence of 1,1′-dimethyl-4,4′-bipyridinium (Paraquat) in irrigated soil of the Lake Chad Basin, Niger. Environ Sci Pollut Res 21, 10601–10613 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-014-3064-8

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