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Sources of submicron aerosol during fog-dominated wintertime at Kanpur

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Abstract

The main objective of this atmospheric study was to determine the major sources of PM1 (particles having aerodynamic diameter <1.0 μm) within and near the city of Kanpur, in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Day and night, 10 h long each, filter-based aerosol samples were collected for 4 months (November 2009 to February 2010) throughout the winter season. These samples were subjected to gravimetric and quantitative chemical analyses for determining water-soluble ions (NH4 +, F−, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2−) using an ion chromatograph and trace elements using an inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectrometer. The mean PM1 mass concentrations were recorded as 114 ± 71 μg/m3 (day) and 143 ± 86 μg/m3 (night), respectively. A significantly higher diurnal contribution of ions (NH4 +, F−, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2−) in PM1 mass was observed during the fog-affected days and nights throughout the winter season, for which the average values were recorded as 38.09 ± 13.39 % (day) and 34.98 ± 12.59 % (night), respectively, of the total PM1 mass. This chemical dataset was then used in a source-receptor model, UNMIX, and the model results are described in detail. UNMIX provided a maximum number of five source factors, including crustal material, composite vehicle, secondary aerosol, coal combustion, and iron/steel production and metallurgical industries, as the dominant air pollution sources for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

    Tarun Gupta & Anil Mandariya

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  1. Tarun Gupta
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  2. Anil Mandariya
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Correspondence to Tarun Gupta.

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Responsible editor: Gerhard Lammel

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Gupta, T., Mandariya, A. Sources of submicron aerosol during fog-dominated wintertime at Kanpur. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 5615–5629 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1580-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1580-6

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