Abstract
Chlorine has been utilized in the early stages of water treatment processes as disinfectant. Disinfection for drinking water reduces the risk of pathogenic infection but may pose a chemical threat to human health due to disinfection residues and their by-products (DBP) when the organic and inorganic precursors are present in water. In the last two decades, many modeling attempts have been made to predict the occurrence of DBP in drinking water. Models have been developed based on data generated in laboratory-scale and field-scale investigations. The objective of this paper is to develop a predictive model for DBP formation in the Alexandria governorate located at the northern west of Egypt based on field-scale investigations as well as laboratory-controlled experimentations. The present study showed that the correlation coefficient between trihalomethanes (THM) predicted and THM measured was R 2 = 0.88 and the minimum deviation percentage between THM predicted and THM measured was 0.8 %, the maximum deviation percentage was 89.3 %, and the average deviation was 17.8 %, while the correlation coefficient between dichloroacetic acid (DCAA) predicted and DCAA measured was R 2 = 0.98 and the minimum deviation percentage between DCAA predicted and DCAA measured was 1.3 %, the maximum deviation percentage was 47.2 %, and the average deviation was 16.6 %. In addition, the correlation coefficient between trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) predicted and TCAA measured was R 2 = 0.98 and the minimum deviation percentage between TCAA predicted and TCAA measured was 4.9 %, the maximum deviation percentage was 43.0 %, and the average deviation was 16.0 %.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amy GL, Chadic PA, Chowdhury ZK (1987) “Developing model for predicting trihalomethane formation kinetics”. J Am Water Works Assoc; 79(7):89–97. http://144.206.159.178/ft/1092/63908/1088015.pdf
Clark RM (1998) Chlorine demand and THM formation kinetics: a second-order model. J Environ Eng ASCE 124(1):16–24
Clark RM, Sivaganesan M (1998) Predicting chlorine residuals and formation of TTHMs in drinking water. J Environ Eng 124(12):1203–1210
Craun GF (1998) Epidemiological studies of organic micropollutants in drinking water. In: Hutzinger O (ed) Handbook of environmental chemistry. Water pollution, vol 5. Springer, Berlin, pp 1–44, Part A
Dodd MC, Huang C (2004) Transformation of the antibacterial agent sulfamethoxazole in reactions with chlorine: kinetics, mechanisms, and pathways. Environ Sci Technol 38:5607–5615
El Shehawy R, Awad J (2012) “Monitoring and Modeling of Fayoum Distribution Networks According to Trihalomethanes Formation” Civil and Environmental Research, Department of Public Works, Faculty of Engineering, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt. http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=ragab%20el%20shehawy%20john%20awad%20(2012).%20%E2%80%9Cmonitoring%20and%20modeling%20of%20fayoum%20distribution%20networks%20according%20to%20trihalomethanes%20formation%E2%80%9D%20civil%20and%20environmental%20research%2C%20department%20of%20public%20works%2C%20faculty%20of%20engineering%2C%20mansoura%20university%2C%20mansoura%2C%20egypt.%09%20%20&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iiste.org%2FJournals%2Findex.php%2FCER%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1571%2F1602&ei=SWHAUOGdAceytAaNyoDQAg&usg=AFQjCNEiuKQJSMYTQDbqHeal-Jkztk0VWA
Golfinopoulos SK (2000) “The occurrence of trihalomethane in the drinking water in Greece”. Chemisty; 41(11): 1761–7. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11057616
Lekkas TD, Nikolaou AD (2004) “Development of Predictive Models for the Formation of Trihalomethanes and Haloacetic Acids during Chlorination of Bromide-Rich Water” Water Qual Res J Canada, Volume 39, No. 2, 149–159. http://connection.ebscohost.com/c/articles/60715251/trihalomethanes-haloacetic-acid-species-from-chlorination-algal-organic-matter-bromide
Minear RA, Amy GL (1996) “Disinfection By-Products in Water Treatment: The Chemistry of Their Formation and Control”, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton, FL, p. 502. http://www.crcpress.com/product/isbn/9781566701365
Nikolaou A, Arhonditsis G, Kolovoyianniss V, Golfinopoulos T, Lekkas D (2003) “Determination, Interpretation And Modeling Of Chlorination By-Products Concentrations In Surface Waters” Glo Nest Int J Vol 5, No 3, pp 157-164, Greece. http://gnest.org/Journal/Vol5_No3/19_Nikolaou.pdf
Rodriguez MJ, Serodes J-B (2001) “Spatial and Temporal Evolution of Trihalomethanes in Three Water Distribution Systems”. Water Res, 35, Number 6, 1572-1586. http://144.206.159.178/ft/1092/34926/597872.pdf
Rodriguez MJ, Milot J, Serodes J (2003) “Predicting trihalomethane formation in chlorinated waters using multivariate regression and neural networks”. J Wat Suppl Res & Technol-AQUA 52, 199-215. http://books.google.com.eg/books?id=7uiu_D-QHGEC&pg=PA99&lpg=PA99&dq=Rodriguez,+(2003).+%E2%80%9CPredicting+trihalomethane+formation+in+chlorinated+waters+using+multivariate+regression+and+neural+networks%E2%80%9D.+J.+Wat.+Supply.:+Res.+%26+Technology.-AQUA+52,+199-215.&source=bl&ots=8dAyw4Jmb-&sig=DRB84cHFP92q3WcDmPmlY5BumI8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=913AUKLVL4eK4gTV5YDQAw&ved=0CDkQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=Rodriguez%2C%20(2003).%20%E2%80%9CPredicting%20trihalomethane%20formation%20in%20chlorinated%20waters%20using%20multivariate%20regression%20and%20neural%20networks%E2%80%9D.%20J.%20Wat.%20Supply.%3A%20Res.%20%26%20Technology.-AQUA%2052%2C%20199-215.&f=false
Simpson KL, Hayes KP (1998) Drinking water disinfection byproducts: an Australian perspective. Water Res 32(5):1522–1528
SMWW (1998) “Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater”, 20th Edition, American Public Health Association. http://books.google.co.in/books/about/Standard_Methods_for_the_Examination_of.html?id=2BcoYAAACAAJ
Sohn J, Gate D, Amy G (2001) Monitoring and Modeling of Disinfection By-Products (DBPs). J Environ Monit Assess 70:211–222
Sohn J, Amy G, Cho J, Lee Y, Yoon Y (2004) Disinfectant decay and disinfection byproducts formation model development: chlorination and ozonation by-products. Water Res 38:2461–2478
THM Plus™ Method (2010) “For screening THMs in drinking water samples and Formation Potential tests” Method 10132. http://www.google.com.eg/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=thm%20plus%E2%84%A2%20method%20(2010).%20%E2%80%9Cfor%20screening%20thms%20in%20drinking%20water%20samples%20and%20formation%20potential%20tests%E2%80%9D%20method%2010132.%20%20&source=web&cd=1&cad=rja&ved=0CCoQFjAA&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hach.com%2Fasset-get.download-en.jsa%3Fid%3D7639983908&ei=GF_AUIvDGLDZ4QTa-IGoCw&usg=AFQjCNH-S_SMuFJ7YOm-4D-YeKFcfp4IqA
USEPA (1995) “Methods for the Determination of Organic Compounds in Drinking Water”-Supplement III, USEPA, August, EPA/600/R- 95/131. http://nepis.epa.gov/Exe/ZyNET.exe/30003E77.TXT?ZyActionD=ZyDocument&Client=EPA&Index=1995+Thru+1999&Docs=&Query=&Time=&EndTime=&SearchMethod=1&TocRestrict=n&Toc=&TocEntry=&QField=&QFieldYear=&QFieldMonth=&QFieldDay=&IntQFieldOp=0&ExtQFieldOp=0&XmlQuery=&File=D%3A%5Czyfiles%5CIndex%20Data%5C95thru99%5CTxt%5C00000003%5C30003E77.txt&User=ANONYMOUS&Password=anonymous&SortMethod=h%7C-&MaximumDocuments=1&FuzzyDegree=0&ImageQuality=r75g8/r75g8/x150y150g16/i425&Display=p%7Cf&DefSeekPage=x&SearchBack=ZyActionL&Back=ZyActionS&BackDesc=Results%20page&MaximumPages=1&ZyEntry=1&SeekPage=x&ZyPURL
USEPA (2002) “Mechanistic-based Disinfectant and Disinfectant By-Product Models”. http://enpub.fulton.asu.edu/pwest/USEPA-DBPfinal%20report%20June%202002.pdf
Uyak V, Toroza I, Meriç S (2005) Monitoring and modeling of trihalomethanes (THMs) for a water treatment plant in Istanbul. Desalination J 176(2005):91–101
Zhang G, Lin B, Falconer RA (2000) “Modelling disinfection by-products in contact tanks” J Hydroinformatics. http://www.iwaponline.com/jh/002/jh0020123.htm
Acknowledgments
The authors thank our AWCO central laboratory team for their scientific and technical assistance.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Responsible editor: Michael Matthies
Electronic supplementary material
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
ESM 1
(DOC 37 kb)
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdullah, A.M., Hussona, S.Ed. Predictive model for disinfection by-product in Alexandria drinking water, northern west of Egypt. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 7152–7166 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1501-8
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-013-1501-8