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Heavy metal immobilization in soil near abandoned mines using eggshell waste and rapeseed residue

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Abstract

Heavy metal contamination of agricultural soils has received great concern due to potential risk to human health. Cadmium and Pb are largely released from abandoned or closed mines in Korea, resulting in soil contamination. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of eggshell waste in combination with the conventional nitrogen, phosphorous, and potassium fertilizer (also known as NPK fertilizer) or the rapeseed residue on immobilization of Cd and Pb in the rice paddy soil. Cadmium and Pb extractabilities were tested using two methods of (1) the toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) and (2) the 0.1 M HCl extraction. With 5 % eggshell addition, the values of soil pH were increased from 6.33 and 6.51 to 8.15 and 8.04 in combination with NPK fertilizer and rapeseed residue, respectively, compared to no eggshell addition. The increase in soil pH may contribute to heavy metal immobilization by altering heavy metals into more stable in soils. Concentrations of TCLP-extracted Cd and Pb were reduced by up to 67.9 and 93.2 % by addition of 5 % eggshell compared to control. For 0.1 M HCl extraction method, the concentration of 0.1 M HCl-Cd in soils treated with NPK fertilizer and rapeseed residue was significantly reduced by up to 34.01 and 46.1 %, respectively, with 5 % eggshell addition compared to control. A decrease in acid phosphatase activity and an increase in alkaline phosphatase activity at high soil pH were also observed. Combined application of eggshell waste and rapeseed residue can be cost-effective and beneficial way to remediate the soil contaminated with heavy metals.

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Acknowledgments

This study was supported by the Ministry of Environment, Republic of Korea as “The GAIA Project (No. 173-111-040)” and the National Research Foundation of Korea Grant funded by the Korean Government (Project No. 2012R1A1B3001409). Green manure study was partly supported by Cooperative Research Program for Agriculture Science & Technology Development (PJ9069612011) of the Rural Development Administration in Korea. Instrumental analysis was supported by the Korea Basic Science Institute, the Institute of Environment Research, and the Central Laboratory of Kangwon National University in Korea.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Environment, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Republic of Korea

    Sang Soo Lee, Jung Eun Lim, Samy A. M. Abd El-Azeem, Bongsu Choi, Sang-Eun Oh & Yong Sik Ok

  2. Department of Environmental Engineering, Chosun University, Gwangju, 501-759, Republic of Korea

    Deok Hyun Moon

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  1. Sang Soo Lee
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Correspondence to Yong Sik Ok.

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Responsible editor: Vera Slaveykova

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Lee, S.S., Lim, J.E., El-Azeem, S.A.M.A. et al. Heavy metal immobilization in soil near abandoned mines using eggshell waste and rapeseed residue. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20, 1719–1726 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1104-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-012-1104-9

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