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Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the Nrf2 survival pathway

Environmental Science and Pollution Research volume 17, pages 369–382 (2010)Cite this article

Abstract

Background, aim, and scope

Atmospheric pollution is a worldwide problem. Exposure to atmospheric pollutants causes toxic cellular effects. One of the mechanisms of toxicity by these pollutants is the promotion of oxidative stress. Several signaling pathways control cellular redox homeostasis. In this respect, nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is a crucial transcription factor in the cell’s response to oxidative stress.

Main features

In cellular animal models, exposure to atmospheric pollutants activates Nrf2, attenuating its toxic and even its carcinogenic effects. Therefore, we have reviewed the scientific literature in order to indicate that air pollutants, such as particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and gaseous matter, are Nrf2 pathway inductors, triggering self-defense through the establishment of proinflammatory and antioxidant responses.

Results and discussion

Exposure to reactive molecules as atmospheric pollutants causes the activation of Nrf2 and the subsequent regulation of the expression of cytoprotective and detoxifying enzymes, as well as antioxidants. Moreover, induction of Nrf2 prior to exposure reduces the harmful effects of pollutants. The present article discusses the protective role of the Nrf2 pathway against different atmospheric pollutant insults.

Conclusions

Nrf2 regulates the expression of numerous cytoprotective genes that function to detoxify reactive species produced during atmospheric pollutant metabolic reactions. From the papers highlighted in this review, we conclude that Nrf2 has an important role in the defense against atmospheric pollutant-induced toxicity.

Perspectives

Further studies are needed to understand the signaling events that turn on the system in response to atmospheric pollutant stress. This could allow for the possibility of targeting the pathway for prevention benefits in the near future.

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Acknowledgements

This paper was partially supported by DGAPA grant number IN212107. RV is a recipient of a CONACyT fellowship. A professional scientific editor at Blue Pencil Science (Sean T. Kim, Ph.D.) was consulted during the preparation of this manuscript.

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  1. Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, México D.F., 04510, Mexico

    Valentina Rubio, Mahara Valverde & Emilio Rojas

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  1. Valentina Rubio
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  2. Mahara Valverde
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  3. Emilio Rojas
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Rubio, V., Valverde, M. & Rojas, E. Effects of atmospheric pollutants on the Nrf2 survival pathway. Environ Sci Pollut Res 17, 369–382 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-009-0140-6

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Keywords

  • ARE sequences
  • Atmospheric pollutants
  • Keap1
  • Nrf2
  • Reactive oxygen species