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Landscape dynamics and driving forces of wetlands in the Tumen River Basin of China over the past 50 years

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Abstract

Human activity together with climatic changes have resulted in the substantial loss of wetlands in the Tumen River Basin of China in the past five decades. In this study, the landscape dynamics of wetlands upstream, midstream and downstream of the Tumen River Basin from 1960 to 2009 were investigated using remote sensing and geographic information systems. Analytical methods, such as dynamic degree, transfer matrix and indices, e.g., patch number (NP), area percentage of landscape patches, mean patch size, patch density, Shannon’s diversity index (SHDI), and Shannon’s evenness index (SHEI), were utilized to describe the landscape dynamics. The results showed that over the past 50 years, human-made wetlands, including paddy fields and reservoirs, increased, whereas natural wetlands, including marshes, lakes and rivers, decreased. In the study period, a large number of natural wetlands were converted by humans into other types of wetlands and non-wetlands. For wetland landscape changes, the NP, landscape fragmentation index, and SHEI increased, whereas the average patch area and SHDI decreased. In addition, we found that human factors were the main driving forces for the reduction of natural wetlands in this area, among which agricultural activities had the strongest impact. Great losses of natural wetlands have led to ecological problems in the region, such as a decline in biodiversity and soil degradation.

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Acknowledgements

This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41361015 and 40961011), the international cooperation projects of Jilin Province (Grant No. 20120740), and the Jilin Province Science and Technology Development Plan Project Commitments (Grant No. 20130206007SF). The authors are grateful for the comments and contributions of anonymous reviewers and members of the editorial team.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Key Laboratory of Natural Resources of Changbai Mountain and Functional Molecules, Yanbain University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China

    Xiao Jun Zheng, Wei Hong Zhu, Jian Zhang & Lei Qin

  2. Research Center for Environmental Policy Planning and Assessment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, Henan, China

    Peng Sun

  3. Geography Department College of Sciences, Yanbian University, Yanji, 133002, Jilin, China

    Wei Hong Zhu, Jian Zhang & Lei Qin

  4. School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-747, Korea

    Zhen Xu

  5. Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Koyto University, Koyto, 6068501, Japan

    Jing Fu

  6. Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Environment, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130102, China

    Wei Dong Man

  7. College of Agriculture and Life Science, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, South Korea

    Hai Long Li

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  1. Xiao Jun Zheng
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  2. Peng Sun
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  3. Wei Hong Zhu
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Correspondence to Wei Hong Zhu.

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Zheng, X.J., Sun, P., Zhu, W.H. et al. Landscape dynamics and driving forces of wetlands in the Tumen River Basin of China over the past 50 years. Landscape Ecol Eng 13, 237–250 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-016-0304-8

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11355-016-0304-8

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