Skip to main content
Log in

In Spite of Indeterminacy Many Common Factor Score Estimates Yield an Identical Reproduced Covariance Matrix

  • Published:
Psychometrika Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

It was investigated whether commonly used factor score estimates lead to the same reproduced covariance matrix of observed variables. This was achieved by means of Schönemann and Steiger’s (1976) regression component analysis, since it is possible to compute the reproduced covariance matrices of the regression components corresponding to different factor score estimates. It was shown that Thurstone’s, Ledermann’s, Bartlett’s, Anderson-Rubin’s, McDonald’s, Krijnen, Wansbeek, and Ten Berge’s, as well as Takeuchi, Yanai, and Mukherjee’s score estimates reproduce the same covariance matrix. In contrast, Harman’s ideal variables score estimates lead to a different reproduced covariance matrix.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Anderson, T.W., & Rubin, H. (1956). Statistical inference in factor analysis. Proceedings of the Third Berkeley Symposium of Mathematical Statistics and Probability, 5, 111–150.

  • Bartlett, M.S. (1937). The statistical conception of mental factors. British Journal of Psychology, 28, 97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fava, J.L., & Velicer, W.F. (1992). An empirical comparison of factor, image, component, and scale scores. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 27, 301–322.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gorsuch, R.L. (1983). Factor Analysis (2nd ed.). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grice, J.W. (2001). Computing and evaluation factor scores. Psychological Methods, 6, 430–450.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Grice, J.W., & Harris, R.J. (1998). A comparison of regression and loading weights for the computation of factor scores. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 33, 221–247.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, H.H. (1941). On the rectilinear prediction of oblique factors. Psychometrika, 6, 29–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harman, H.H. (1976). Modern Factor Analysis (3rd ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jöreskog, K.G. (1969). A general approach to confirmatory maximum likelihood factor analysis. Psychometrika, 34, 183–202.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Krijnen, W.P., Wansbeek, T.J., & Ten Berge, J.M.F. (1996). Best linear predictors for factor scores. Communications in Statistics: Theory and Methods, 25, 3013–3025.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ledermann, W. (1939). On a shortened method of estimation of mental factors by regression. Psychometrika, 4, 109–116.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McDonald, R.P. (1981). Constrained least squares estimators of oblique common factors. Psychometrika, 46, 337–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mulaik, S.A. (1972). The Foundations of Factor Analysis. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schönemann, P.H., & Steiger, J.H. (1976). Regression component analysis. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 29, 175–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Takeuchi, K., Yanai, H., & Mukherjee, B.N. (1982). The Foundations of Multivariate Analysis. New Dehli: Wiley Eastern.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ten Berge, J.M.F., Krijnen, W.P., Wansbeek, T., & Shapiro, A. (1999). Some new results on correlation-preserving factor scores prediction methods. Linear Algebra and its Applications, 289, 311–318.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thurstone, L.L. (1935). The Vectors of Mind. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to André Beauducel.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Cite this article

Beauducel, A. In Spite of Indeterminacy Many Common Factor Score Estimates Yield an Identical Reproduced Covariance Matrix. Psychometrika 72, 437–441 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-005-1467-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-005-1467-5

Key words

Navigation