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Plasma oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide/trolox) responses during a 7-day road cycling stage race and a competitive football match in top-level athletes

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Abstract

Purpose

The aim of this study was to compare the response induced by regular competition on free oxygen radicals (hydrogen peroxide), free oxygen radical defence (Trolox) and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance in plasma, between top-level male road cyclists and top-level male football players.

Methods

9 male top-level road cyclists (age 27.2 ± 3.5 years) and 10 male top-level football players (age 27.3 ± 4.3 years) completed a 7-day road cycling stage race and a football match, respectively. Free oxygen radicals (hydrogen peroxide) and free oxygen radical defence (Trolox) were measured 2 h before and 1 h after the corresponding competition. Body composition was determined previously by means of dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Results

Both competitions induced a significant increase in hydrogen peroxide for each group. Trolox decreased and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance increased, significantly, for road cyclists. For football players, Trolox increased and hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance decreased, significantly. Hydrogen peroxide/Trolox balance differences had a significant positive correlation against respective competitive loads for both groups. Hydrogen peroxide differences showed a significant negative correlation and Trolox differences indicated a significant positive correlation with body mass index, body fat, and lean body mass.

Conclusions

This study suggests that football players may be able to maintain oxidative stress balance in plasma after a football match whilst road cyclists may experience a hyper-oxidative stress state in plasma after a 7-day road cycling stage race. In addition, both, competitive load and body mass are related to the oxidative stress balance in plasma in these two groups of top-level athletes.

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Abbreviations

ABTS•+ :

2,2′-Azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid)

AOPP:

Advanced oxidation protein products

BF:

Body fat

BM:

Body mass

BMC:

Bone mineral content

BMD:

Bone mineral density

BMI:

Body mass index

CAT:

Catalase

DXA:

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry

EAC:

Enzymatic antioxidant capacity

FeCl3 :

Iron(III) chloride

FORD:

Free oxygen radical defence

FORT:

Free oxygen radicals

FP:

Top-level outfield
football players (Spanish La Liga Team)

GOX :

Glucose oxidase

GPx:

Glutathione peroxidase

GPx-1:

Glutathione peroxidase-1

GPx-2:

Glutathione peroxidase-2

GR:

Glutathione reductase

GSH:

Glutathione

GSSG:

Glutathione disulphide

GST:

Glutathione S-transferase

H2O2 :

Hydrogen peroxide

LBM:

Lean body mass

MDA:

Malondialdhehyde

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

NEAC:

Non-enzymatic antioxidant capacity

•O:

Singlet oxygen

O2− :

Superoxide anion

•OH:

Hydroxyl radical

ONOO− :

Peroxynitrite

OS:

Oxidative stress

PCD:

Protein carbonyl derivatives

RC:

Top-level road cyclists (UCI World Tour Team)

REDOX:

Reduction/oxidation

RONS:

Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

RO•:

Alkoxy

ROMs:

Reactive oxygen metabolites

ROO•:

Peroxy

ROOH:

Hydroperoxides

ROS:

Reactive oxygen species

SOD:

Superoxide dismutase

TAC:

Total antioxidant capacity

TEAC:

Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity

Trolox:

6-Hydroxy-2,5,7,8-tetramethylchroman-2-carboxylic acid

XO:

Xanthine oxidase

2CrNH2 :

Phenylenediamine derivative

4-HNE:

4-Hydroxyalkenals

8-OHdG:

8-Hydroxydeoxyguanosine

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Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the athletes for their effort and contributions to this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Research and Development Department, Non Functional Fatigue Co., Barcelona, Spain

    Carlos González-Haro

  2. Research and Development, First Performance Consultancy, Dubai, United Arab Emirates

    Ramzy Ross

  3. Physical Therapy Department, College of Applied Medical Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia

    Anas AlDuhishy

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  1. Carlos González-Haro
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Correspondence to Carlos González-Haro.

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González-Haro, C., Ross, R. & AlDuhishy, A. Plasma oxidative stress (hydrogen peroxide/trolox) responses during a 7-day road cycling stage race and a competitive football match in top-level athletes. Sport Sci Health 16, 691–702 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11332-020-00645-3

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