Abstract
The green alder Alnus alnobetula s. l., a widely distributed subarctic-alpine shrub species, has been studied using three chloroplast DNA regions: trnH-psbA, trnS-trnG, and psaA-trnS. In addition, new chloroplast primers coding the trnT-GGT cpDNA regions and five cpDNA microsatellite loci (cpSSR) have been developed for this species. The population subdivision is very high (Nst = 0.869, Gst = 0.807, Fst = 0.883), suggesting a distinct phylogeographic structure (Nst > Gst, p < 0.0001) and a sharp contrast between the haplotype-rich eastern part of the species range and the almost completely uniform western part (Siberia, Ural). According to a phylogenetic analysis, the common haplotype of A. alnobetula subsp. fruticosa in the western part of the range originated from northeastern refugia (West Beringia) as a result of interglacial recolonization, including bottleneck events. Three highly divergent cpDNA lineages of green alder that have been resolved in the Russian Far East are largely concordant with A. alnobetula subsp. kamtschaticа, A. alnobetula subsp. mandschurica, and A. alnobetula subsp. maximowiczii. The populations of Sakhalin Island are divided into three phylogeographic groups (southern, central, and northern) corresponding to the different floristic zones and different subspecies. The green alder populations from central Sakhalin have a haplotype-rich composition including different genetic lineages that confirm the existence of a hotspot of genetic diversity in this part of the island.
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Data availability
Sequences of all fragments for each haplotype have been deposited in GenBank under accession numbers MF437039-MF437050, MT157345-MT157357, MT078188-MT078194.
Code availability
Not applicable.
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Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Agafonov L., Chernyagina O., Kizhevatov Ya., Kirdyanov A., Krivenko D., Kukarskih V., Nikolaev A., Polezhaeva M., Sokolov V., and Fedorov V. for their help in collecting the materials. We also thank two anonymous reviewers for helpful comments on the manuscript.
Data archiving statement
Sequence data were deposited in GenBank (accession nos. MF437039–MF437050, MT157345–MT157357).
Funding
This work was financially supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant no. 18-04-00616.
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Hantemirova, E.V., Marchuk, E.A. Phylogeography and genetic structure of a subarctic-alpine shrub species, Alnus alnobetula (Ehrh.) K. Koch s. l., inferred from chloroplast DNA markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes 17, 18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01503-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01503-0