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Evolutionary history of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan Plateau and adjacent areas: an insight from Quercus schottkyana (Fagaceae)

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Abstract

Yunnan Plateau and its adjacent areas (YPA) with typical subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests (SEBF) have a rich number of vascular plants and high endemism. However, how ancient geological and climatic events in YPA have shaped the SEBF remains poorly understood. In this study, we integrated multilocus phylogeography, species distribution models (SDMs), and regression analysis to investigate the effects of paleoenvironmental changes on the contemporary genetic patterns of Quercus schottkyana, an endemic and dominant evergreen oak in the YPA. A total of 380 samples were taken from 29 populations, covering the natural geographical distribution of Q. schottkyana. Molecular dating indicated that haplotype divergence began at late Miocene; this finding supported the hypothesis that major uplifting of YPA occurred after late Miocene, which led to the speciation and divergence of Q. schottkyana. Unlike previous biome reconstruction studies based on palynology data, our SDM analysis indicated that the distribution ranges of Q. schottkyana was comparatively stable after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and experienced only a slight northward expansion afterward. Species genetic diversity showed a significant negative correlation to the habitat stability using regression analysis. These analyses suggested the admixture of individuals from genetically differentiated populations in the unstable habitats, which in turn increased the genetic diversity of Q. schottkyana. We also found that climate gradient along the latitude cline influenced the genetic structure of Q. schottkyana. This study provides new insights into the understanding of the evolutionary history of SEBF in YPA.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the two anonymous reviewers for constructive comments on the manuscript. We thank Dou-Dou Wang for the help on the molecular experiments. We are grateful to Yan-Shi Xiong and Yi-Gang Song for their help in the sample collection. This work was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (31100154 and 31270267), the Shanghai Municipal Administration of Forestation and City Appearances (G152428 and G162404, G142430, F132416, G162405), and the Science and Technology Commission of Shanghai Municipality (14DZ2260400).

Data archiving statement

The haplotype sequence of cpDNA obtained in this study has been submitted to GenBank (http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genbank/). The accession numbers were KX714758-KX714786, KX714787-KX714802, and KX714740-KX714757 for psbA-trnH, trnT-trnL, and atpI-atpH, respectively.

Authors’ contributions

Xiao-Long Jiang and Min Deng conceived and designed the experiments and wrote and revised the paper; Xiao-Long Jiang and Ying Li performed the experiments; Xiao-Long Jiang analyzed the data; and Min Deng was responsible for field collections and specimen identification.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics and Resources, Shanghai Chenshan Botanical Garden, Shanghai, 201602, China

    Xiao-Long Jiang, Min Deng & Ying Li

  2. Shanghai Chenshan Plant Science Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China

    Xiao-Long Jiang, Min Deng & Ying Li

  3. School of Ecology, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, China

    Ying Li

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  1. Xiao-Long Jiang
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  2. Min Deng
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Correspondence to Min Deng.

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Communicated by A. Kremer

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Fig. S1

Haplotype divergence time of Quercus schottkyana calculated by BEAST v1.8 based on substitute rate. (TIFF 2193 kb)

Fig. S2

Mismatch distribution for populations of Quercus schottkyana. The black and gray lines represent the expected and observed mismatch distributions, r represents the raggedness index and p represents the significance of a simulation value greater than the observed value (TIFF 2057 kb)

Fig. S3

Distribution of delta K values in InStruct analysis (TIFF 3909 kb)

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Jiang, XL., Deng, M. & Li, Y. Evolutionary history of subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forest in Yunnan Plateau and adjacent areas: an insight from Quercus schottkyana (Fagaceae). Tree Genetics & Genomes 12, 104 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-016-1063-2

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