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A reciprocal transplant trial suggests a disadvantage of northward seed transfer in survival and growth of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) trees

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Abstract

Seed transfer regulation in forest trees is to prevent the plantation of maladapted trees in non-local sites. Seed transfer from southern to northern Japan is prohibited in Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora). To evaluate the current regulation of seed transfer, a reciprocal transplant trial was conducted in P. densiflora trees originating from two provenances in southern (S) and northern (N) Japan and planted in sites S and N near these provenances. We observed survival rate at 0–15 years old before a thinning and at 15–30 and 15–40 years old after the thinning and measured diameter, per-planted-area cross-sectional area, and shape of stems of 30-year-old trees. The survival rate before the thinning was lower in provenance S than in provenance N and in site S than in site N. The survival rates after the thinning were lower in non-home sites, in particular, provenance S in site N. The stem diameter was largest in provenance S in site S, smallest in the both provenances in site N, and intermediate in provenance N in site S. Thus, trees were fewer and larger in provenance S than in provenance N in their home sites. As a result, the per-planted-area stem cross-sectional area of 30-year-old trees was smallest in provenance S in site N, suggesting a disadvantage of northward transplantation. Proportions of trees with broken and/or crooked stems were higher in site N than in site S, suggesting that a northern environment is more stressful. These findings support the current regulation of seed transfer directions in Japanese P. densiflora.

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Acknowledgments

We thank the staff of the Hiroshima and Iwate District Forest Offices for their efforts to maintain the test sites; Keiko Kitamura, Kana Yamashita, Ikuo Karube, Tatsuo Kanazashi, and Hiroshi Yoshimaru for their assistance in field measurement; and Takateru Akashi for his help in data arrangement. We are grateful to Susumu Goto and Masakazu G. Iwaizumi for helpful comments to our manuscript.

Data archiving statement

We deposited phenotypic data of the measurements in all plots in the southern and northern sites to the accession number TGDR036 in the TreeGenes Database.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Forest Genetics, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute (FFPRI), 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 3058687, Japan

    Teruyoshi Nagamitsu & Ken-ichi Shimada

  2. Hokkaido Research Station, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 7 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, 0628516, Japan

    Ayako Kanazashi

Authors
  1. Teruyoshi Nagamitsu
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  2. Ken-ichi Shimada
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  3. Ayako Kanazashi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Teruyoshi Nagamitsu.

Additional information

Communicated by J. Beaulieu

Electronic supplementary material

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Supplemental Material 1

Relationships between stem diameter of progeny trees and stem diameter (a) and year-ring breadth (b) of maternal trees in southern site and those (c, d) in northern site. Open and closed circles indicate provenances S and N, respectively. (PDF 182 kb)

Supplemental Material 2

Seasonal changes in climate conditions at meteorological observatories near southern (red) and northern (blue) sites: Daily records of mean (a), maximum (b), and minimum (c) temperature, precipitation (d), sunshine (e), mean (f) and maximum (g) wind speed, and snow depth (h). Records are averaged for past 30 (a, b, c, d, e, h) and 10 (f, g) years. Snow depth is not recorded in southern observatory due to little snowfall. (PDF 282 kb)

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Nagamitsu, T., Shimada, Ki. & Kanazashi, A. A reciprocal transplant trial suggests a disadvantage of northward seed transfer in survival and growth of Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora) trees. Tree Genetics & Genomes 11, 813 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0813-2

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-014-0813-2

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