Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Measuring procedural justice and legitimacy at the local level: the police–community interaction survey

  • Published:
Journal of Experimental Criminology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Objectives

To introduce and evaluate the Police–Citizen Interaction (PCI) Survey, the electronic survey component of the National Police Research Platform, designed to measure the quality of police–citizen encounters at the local level.

Methods

Three studies tested the feasibility, validity, and sample representativeness of the PCI Survey. A randomized control trial (RCT) compared the PCI Survey results with the most widely used survey method, the telephone survey. The primary measures were the community member’s satisfaction with the contact, judgments of procedural justice during the interaction, police effectiveness, and police legitimacy.

Results

The RCT revealed no significant differences between the PCI Survey and the standard telephone survey, thus increasing confidence in the validity of the PCI methodology. The PCI Survey was able to replicate “known group” findings from prior research; capture agency-level differences in public satisfaction; uncover complex interactions of race, type of incident and procedural justice; and show the relative importance of both process and outcome during police-initiated contacts.

Conclusions

The PCI Survey approach, utilizing web and voice interactive methods, shows considerable promise as a tool for measuring organizational performance in new ways, focusing on procedural fairness and the quality of police services rather than the reliance on crime statistics. The survey appears to have utility for local jurisdictions, while at the same time providing standard metrics for cross-jurisdictional theory testing and benchmarking. The survey was tested initially with three agencies of different sizes. It will be refined for implementation on a larger scale.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Ahrens, C. E. (2006). Being silenced: the impact of negative social reactions on the disclosure of rape. American Journal of Psychology, 38, 263–274.

    Google Scholar 

  • Allison, P. D. (1999). Multiple regression: a primer. Thousand Oaks: Pine Forge Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, G. P., & Fridell, L. A. (1992). Police vehicles and firearms: instruments of deadly force. Prospect Heights: Waveland Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Alpert, G. P., & Moore, M. H. (1993). Measuring police performance in the new paradigm of policing. In G. P. Alpert & A. R. Piquero (Eds.), Community policing: contemporary readings (pp. 215–232). Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bayley, D., & Mendelsohn, H. (1968). Minorities and the police: confrontation in America. New York: Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beetham, D. (1991). The legitimation of power. London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, S., Denning, R., Mazerolle, L., & Stocks, B. (2009). Procedural justice: a systematic literature search and technical report to the national policing improvement agency. Brisbane: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bottoms, A., & Tankebe, J. (2012). Beyond procedural justice: a dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102, 119–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bratton, W. J., & Knobler, P. (1998). Turnaround: how America’s top cop reversed the crime epidemic. New York: Random House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, B., & Benedict, R. (2002). Perceptions of the police: past findings, methodological issues, conceptual issues and policy implications. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management, 25, 543–580.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chan. (2001). The technological game: how information technology is transforming police practice. Criminal Justice, 1, 139–159.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen, J. (1992). A power primer. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 155–159.

  • Cook, C., Heath, F., & Thompson, R. L. (2000). A meta-analysis of response rates in web- or Internet-based surveys. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 60, 821–826.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dai, M., Frank, J., & Sun, I. (2011). Procedural justice during police–citizen encounters: the effects of process-based policing on citizen compliance and demeanor. Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 159–168.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Decker, S. H. (1981). Citizen attitudes toward the police: a review of past findings and suggestions for future policy. Journal of Police Science and Administration, 9, 80–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dillman, D. A., Smyth, J. D., & Christian, L. M. (2009). Internet, mail, and mixed-mode surveys: the tailored design method. Hoboken: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowling, J., & Pferrer, J. (1975). Organizational legitimacy: social values and organizational behavior. Pacific Sociological Review, 18, 122–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dunworth, T. (2000). Criminal justice and the IT revolution. In Horney, J., D. Mackenzie, J. Martin, R. Peterson, and D. P. Rosenbaum (Eds.). Criminal Justice 2000: policies, processes and decisions of the criminal justice system, (Vol. 3, pp. 371–426). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice.

  • Durose, M. R., Smith, E. L., & Langan, P. A. (2007). Contacts between police and the public, 2005. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. April, NCJ 215243.

  • Ekblom, P., & Heal, K. (1982). The police response to calls from the public. Research and planning unit paper No. 9. London: HMSO.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engel, R. S. (2005). Citizens’ perceptions of distributive and procedural injustice during traffic stops with police. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 42, 445–481.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fornell, C., Rust, R. T., & Dekimpe, M. G. (2010). The effect of customer satisfaction on consumer spending growth. Journal of Marketing Research, 47, 28–35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fridell, L. A., & Wycoff, M. A. (Eds.). (2004). Community policing: the past, present and future. Washington: Police Executive Research Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher, C., Maguire, E. R., Mastrofski, S. D., & Reisig, M. D. (2001). The public image of the police. Manassas, VA: The Administration of Justice Program, George Mason University. (Final report to the International Association of Chiefs of Police)

  • Gau, J., & Brunson, R. (2010). Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: a study of inner-city young men’s perceptions of police legitimacy. Justice Quarterly, 27, 255–279.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Greene, J. R., & Mastrofski, S. (Eds.). (1988). Community policing, rhetoric or reality? New York: Prager.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hawdon, J. (2008). Legitimacy, trust, social capital, and policing styles: a theoretical statement. Police Quarterly, 11, 182–201.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinds, L. (2007). Public satisfaction with police: the influence of general attitudes and police–citizen encounters. International Journal of Police Science & Management, 11, 54–66.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hinds, L., & Murphy, K. (2007). Public satisfaction with the police: using procedural justice to improve police legitimacy. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 40, 27–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hough, M., FitzGerald, M., Joseph, I., & Qureshi, T. (2002). Policing for London. London: Willan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Stanko, E. A., & Hohl, K. (2012a). Just authority? trust in the police in England and Wales. Oxon: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J., Bradford, B., Hough, M., Myhill, A., Quinton, P., & Tyler, T. R. (2012b). Why do people comply with the law? Legitimacy and the influence of legal institutions. British Journal of Criminology, 52, 1051–1071.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kane, R. J. (2005). Compromised police legitimacy as a predictor of violence crime in structurally disadvantaged communities. Criminology, 43, 469–498.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kutner, M. H., Nachtsheim, C., & Neter, J. (2004). Applied linear regression models. New York: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Langton, L., & Durose, M. (2013). Police behavior during traffic and stops. (Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, September. NCJ 242937)

  • Langworthy, R. H. (Ed.). (1999). Measuring what matters: proceedings from the policing research institute meetings. NIJ research report. NCJ 170610 (pp. 215–224). Washington, D.C.: National Institute of Justice and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lavrakas, P. J., Shuttles, C.W., Steeh, C. and Fienberg, H. (2007). The State of Surveying Cell Phone Numbers in the United States: 2007 and Beyond. Public Opinion Quarterly, 71, 840–854.

  • Lervik-Olson, L., & Johnson, M. D. (2003). Service equity, satisfaction and loyalty: from transaction-specific to cumulative evaluations. Journal of Service Research, 5, 184–195.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lind, E. A., & Tyler, T. R. (1988). Social psychology of procedural justice. New York: Plenum Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Masterson, M. F., & Stevens, D. J. (2002). The value of measuring community policing performance in Madison, Wisconsin. In D. J. Stevens (Ed.), Policing and community partnerships (pp. 202–217). New Jersey: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D. (1999). Policing for the people. Ideas in American policing. (Washington, DC: Police Foundation, March issue)

  • Mastrofski, S. D. (2006). Community policing: a skeptical view. In D. Weisburd & A. Braga (Eds.), Prospects and problems in an era of police innovation: contrasting perspectives (pp. 44–73). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D., Snipes, J. D., & Supina, A. E. (1996). Compliance on demand: the public’s response to specific police requests. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 33, 269–305.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastrofski, S. D., Reisig, M. D., & McCluskey, J. D. (2002). Police disrespect toward the public: an encounter-based analysis. Criminology, 40, 519–551.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mayhew, P., Elliott, D., & Dowds, L. (1989). The 1988 British crime survey. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Manning, M., Ferguson, P. & Sargeant, E. (2012a). Legitimacy in policing: A systematic review of procedural justice. Campbell Crime and Justice Group. Brisbane, Queensland, Australia: ARC Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security 

  • Mazerolle, L., Bennett, S., Antrobus, E., & Eggins, E. (2012b). Procedural justice, routine encounters and citizen perceptions of police: main findings from the Queensland Community Engagement Trial (QCET). Journal of Experimental Criminology, 8, 343–367.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McCluskey, J. D., Mastrofski, S., & Parks, R. B. (1999). To acquiesce or rebel: predicting citizen compliance with police requests. Police Quarterly, 2, 389–416.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mirzer, M. L. (1996). Policing supervision in the 21st century. FBI Law Enforcement Bulletin, 65, 6–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. H., & Poethig, M. (1999). The police as an agency of municipal government: implications for measuring police effectiveness. In R. H. Langworthy (Ed.), Measuring what matters: proceedings from the policing research institute meetings (pp. 151–168). Washington: National Institute of Justice and the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore, M. H., Thacher, D., Dodge, A., & Moore, T. (2002). Recognizing value in policing: the challenge of measuring police performance. Washington, DC: police executive research forum. In N. Morris (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 12, pp. 375–437). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K., & Barkworth, J. (2014). Victim willingness to report crime to police: does procedural justice or outcome matter most? Victims & Offenders: An International Journal of Evidence-based Research, Policy, and Practice, 9, 178–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2012). Fostering cooperation with the police: How do ethnic minorities in Australia respond to procedural justice-based policing? Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44, 235–257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murphy, K., Mazerolle, L., & Bennett, S. (2014). Promoting trust in police: findings from a randomized experimental field trial of procedural justice policing. Policing and Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 24, 405–424.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Myhill, A., & Quinton, P. (2011). It’s a fair cop? police legitimacy, public cooperation and crime reduction: an interpretative commentary. London: National Policing Improvement Agency.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paternoster, R., Brame, B., Mazerolle, P., & Piquero, A. R. (1998). Using the correct statistical test for the equality of regression coefficients. Criminology, 36, 859–866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Posick, C., & Policastro, C. (2013). Victim injury, emotional distress, and satisfaction with the police: evidence for a victim-centered, emotionally-based police response. Journal of the Institute of Justice & International Studies, 13, 185–196.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinton, P., Bland, N., & Miller, J. (2000). Police stops: decision-making and practice. Police research series, paper No. 130. London: Home Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reisig, M. D., & Parks, R. B. (2000). Experience, quality of life, and neighbourhood context: a hierarchical analysis of satisfaction with the police. Justice Quarterly, 17, 607–630.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reiss, A. J., Jr. (1971). The police and the public. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rocque, M. (2011). Racial disparities in the criminal justice system and perceptions of legitimacy: a theoretical linkage. Race and Justice, 1, 292–315.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, D. P. (Ed.). (1994). The challenge of community policing: testing the promises. Newbury Park: Sage.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, D. P. (2004). Community policing and web-based communication: Addressing the new information imperative. In L. Fridell & M. A. Wycoff (Eds.), Community policing: the past, present and future. Washington: Police Executive Research Forum.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, D. P. (2007). Police innovation post 1980: assessing effectiveness and equity concerns in the information technology era. Institute for the Prevention of Crime Review, 1, 11–44.

  • Rosenbaum, D., Schuck, A., Costello, S., Hawkins, D., & Ring, M. (2005). Attitudes toward the police: the effects of direct and vicarious experience. Police Quarterly, 83, 343–365.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rosenbaum, D. P., Schuck, A. M., Graziano, L. M., & Stephens, C. D. (2007). Measuring police and community performance using web-based surveys: Findings from the Chicago Internet Project. Final report to the National Institute of Justice. (Chicago, IL: Center for Research in Law and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago)

  • Sargeant, E., Murphy, K., & Cherney, A. (2014). Ethnicity, trust and cooperation with police: testing the dominance of the process-based model. European Journal of Criminology, 11, 500–524.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schafer, J. A. (2013). Effective leadership in policing: successful traits and habits. Durham: Carolina Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schuck, A. M., & Rosenbaum, D. P. (2005). Global and neighborhood attitudes toward the police: differentiation by race, ethnicity and type of contact. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 391–418.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G. (1986). Methodological issues in the study of victimization. In E. A. Fattah (Ed.), From crime policy to victim policy (pp. 80–116). London: Macmillan.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. (1989). The impact of police on victims. In E. Viano (Ed.), Crime and its victims (pp. 71–78). Washington: Hemisphere.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G. (2004). Community policing: Can it work? United States: Wadsworth Publishing.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G. (2005). Citizen satisfaction with police encounters. Police Quarterly, 8, 298–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G. (2006). Asymmetry in the impact of encounters with police. Policing & Society: An International Journal of Research and Policy, 16, 99–126.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G., & Frydl, K. (Eds.). (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: the evidence. Washington: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skogan, W. G., & Hartnett, S. M. (1997). Community policing, Chicago style. Cambridge: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Skolnick, J. H., & Fyfe, J. J. (1993). Above the law: police and the excessive use of force. New York: The Free Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Southgate, P., & Ekblom, P. (1984). Contacts between police and public, home office research study No. 77. London: Her Majesty’s Stationary Office.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanko, E. A., & Bradford, B. (2009). Beyond measuring “how good a job” police are doing: the MPS model of confidence in policing. Policing: A Journal of Policy and Practice, 3, 332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanko, E. A., Jackson, J., Bradford, B., & Hohl, K. (2012). A golden thread, a presence amongst uniforms, and a good deal of data: studying public confidence in the London metropolitan police. Policing and Society, 22, 317–331.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Starzynski, L. S., Ullman, S. E., Filipas, H. H., & Townsend, S. M. (2005). Correlates of women’s sexual assault disclosure to informal and formal support sources. Violence and Victims, 20, 417–432.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stone, C., & Travis, J. (2011). Toward a new professionalism in policing. New perspectives in policing, national institute of justice, 2-26. Harvard: Harvard Kennedy School of Government.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice for legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37, 513–548.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tankebe, J. (2009). Public cooperation with the police in Ghana: does procedural fairness matter? Criminology, 47, 1265–1293.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, W., & Mastrofski, S. D. (2002). Situational and officer based determinants of police coercion. Justice Quarterly, 19, 215–248.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terrill, W., & Reisig, M. (2003). Neighborhood context and police use of force. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 40, 291–321.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tourangeau, R., & Plewes, T. J. (2013). Nonresponse in social science surveys: a research agenda. Washington: The National Academies Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuch, S. A., & Weitzer, R. (1997). Racial differences in attitudes toward the police. Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 642–663.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven: Yale University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (1997). The psychology of legitimacy: a relational perspective on voluntary deference to authorities. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 1, 323–345.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2001). Public trust and confidence in legal authorities: what do majority and minority group members want from the law and legal authorities? Behavioral Science and the Law, 19, 215–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2003). Procedural justice, legitimacy, and the effective rule of law. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 30, pp. 431–505). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 84–99.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2005). Policing in black and white: ethnic group differences in trust and confidence in the police. Police Quarterly, 8, 322–342.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2006a). Why people obey the law. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2006b). Psychological perspectives on legitimacy and legitimation. Annual Review of Psychology, 57, 375–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R. (2011). Why people cooperate: the role of social motivations. Princeton: Princeton University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R., & Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and cooperation: why do people help the police fight crime in their communities? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231–275.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. J. (2002). Trust in the law: encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. New York: Russell-Sage Foundation.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tyler, T. R., & Wakslak, C. J. (2004). Profiling and police legitimacy: procedural justice, attributions of motive, and acceptance of police authority. Criminology, 42, 253–282.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, S. E. (1999). Social support and recovery from sexual assault: a review. Aggression and Violent Behavior: A Review Journal, 4, 343–358.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullman, S. E. (2000). Psychometric characteristics of the social reactions questionnaire. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 24, 257–271.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • United States Census Bureau (2014). Computer and internet use trends: 1984 to 2012. Measuring America series. Current Population Survey, Selected Years. Hp://www.census.gov/cps/methodology/techdocs.html

  • Walker, S. (2005). The new world of police accountability. Thousand Oaks: SAGE Publications.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Webb, E. J., Campbell, D. T., Schwartz, R. D., & Sechrest, L. (1966). Unobtrusive measures. Chicago: Rand McNally.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., & Braga, A. A. (Eds.). (2006). Policing innovation: contrasting perspectives. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weisburd, D., Mastrofski, S., McNally, A. M., Greenspan, R., & Willis, J. (2003). Reforming to preserve: COMPSTAT and strategic problem solving in American policing. Criminology and Public Policy, 2, 421–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R. (2000). Racialized policing: residents’ perceptions in three neighborhoods. Law and Society Review, 34, 129–155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weitzer, R., & Tuch, S. A. (2004). Race and perceptions of police misconduct. Social Problems, 51, 305–325.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wells, L. E. (2007). Type of contact and evaluations of police officers: the effects of procedural justice across three types of police–citizen contacts. Journal of Criminal Justice, 35, 612–621.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wheller, L., Quinton, P., Fildes, A., & Mills, A. (2013). The greater Manchester police procedural justice training experiment. Technical report. Conventry: College of Policing Limited.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaragoza, M. S., Belli, R., & Payment, K. E. (2007). Misinformation effects and the suggestibility of eyewitness memory. In M. Garry & H. Hayne (Eds.), Do justice and Let the Sky fall: Elizabeth F. Loftus and her contributions to science, Law, and academic freedom (pp. 35–63). Mahwah: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This research was supported in part by Award No. 2008-DN-BX-0005 from the National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice. The opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this presentation are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the Department of Justice. We are especially indebted to former Boston Commissioner Edward Davis, Oak Park IL Chief Rick Tanksley, former River Forest IL Chief Frank Limon and current Chief Greg Weiss, who encouraged their employees to invest in this project and see the benefit of research for everyday policing. We also want to thank Chief Rick Tanksley and his staff at the Oak Park IL Police Department for their willingness to participate in the randomized control trial and work with us to advance the current state of knowledge about performance measurement.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Criminology, Law, and Justice, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1007 West Harrison Street (MC 141), Chicago, IL, 60607, USA

    Dennis P. Rosenbaum & Susan M. Hartnett

  2. The Urban Institute, Washington, DC, USA

    Daniel S. Lawrence

  3. Northeastern University, Massachusetts, MA, USA

    Jack McDevitt

  4. Georgia Southern University, Georgia, GA, USA

    Chad Posick

Authors
  1. Dennis P. Rosenbaum
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Daniel S. Lawrence
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Susan M. Hartnett
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Jack McDevitt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Chad Posick
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Dennis P. Rosenbaum.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Rosenbaum, D.P., Lawrence, D.S., Hartnett, S.M. et al. Measuring procedural justice and legitimacy at the local level: the police–community interaction survey. J Exp Criminol 11, 335–366 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9228-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11292-015-9228-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation