Abstract
Persoonia longifolia is a common mid-storey species that is difficult to return to post-mining environments. This study aimed to quantify in situ emergence of P. longifolia seeds on restored areas, investigate seed cueing prior to use in restoration and assess different tree guards for increasing seedling survival and health. Initial investigations found that <1 % of seeds buried or scattered on restored areas produced seedlings. However, if seeds were cued through burial in surrounding forest, retrieved and sown on restored areas, seedling emergence increased to 24 %. Significantly more seeds emerged as seedlings when buried (14.6 %) compared to those scattered on the soil surface (2.7 %). There was no significant difference in survival between seedlings planted at 2-3 weeks of age compared with those planted at 12 months of age after 20 months in situ growth. Additionally, those seedlings planted when younger were significantly taller (29.0 ± 2.9 cm) than those that were planted at 12 months of age (4.7 ± 0.3 cm). Use of “onion bag” guards improved survival from 58.1 ± 4.0 % (no guard) to 70.8 ± 3.4 % with an onion bag guard. The use of shade cloth guards did not significantly improve survival, however plant height did increase substantially after 32 months growth (22 cm compared with 7.2 cm for no guard). These data demonstrate that consideration needs to be given to specific species requirements to improve seedling emergence and survival when attempting to return difficult to germinate species to the post-mining environment.
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Acknowledgments
The authors wish to thank the Australian Government for providing an Australian Postgraduate Award for this study, and University of Western Australia for providing a top up scholarship. Thanks also go to Alcoa of Australia Limited and South32 Worsley Alumina for providing financial and practical industry assistance for this study and also the Mining Research Institute of Western Australia for its financial contribution to the project. We also acknowledge the valued comments of two anonymous reviewers whose suggestions greatly improved this paper.
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Chia, K.A., Koch, J.M., Sadler, R. et al. Re-establishing the mid-storey tree Persoonia longifolia (Proteaceae) in restored forest following bauxite mining in southern Western Australia. Ecol Res 31, 627–638 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1370-y
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11284-016-1370-y