Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Ground Penetrating Radar Model and its Validation using Developed Prototype

  • Published:
Wireless Personal Communications Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

This communication uses Matlab Simulink to present an end-to-end model of a continuous-wave ground penetrating radar. The modelling of a radar system, the target and its location, and the soil environment with related incident signal attenuation and reflection are all included in this model. By maintaining the target at a variable depth, isolation between the antennas, soil composition, and target simulations are performed for a selected operating frequency. The simulation results are verified by conducting experiments with a prototype ground-penetrating radar. Experiments involving two distinct target sizes maintained at varying depths in two different types of soil have been carried out for validation, and the outcomes of the simulations have been compared. This validation demonstrates that the proposed model closely approximates the physical design. The proposed model demonstrates how the number of design and development iterations and time needed to physically realize a continuous wave ground-penetrating radar can be decreased.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The datasets generated during and/or analysed during the current study are not publicly available due to privacy concerns but are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.

References

  1. Ida, N., & Meyendorf, N. (Eds.). (2019). Handbook of advanced nonde- structive evaluation (pp. 235–251). Springer International Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Solimene, R., Cuccaro, A., Dell’Aversano, A., Catapano, I., & Soldovieri, F. (2013). Background removal methods in GPR prospecting. In 2013 European Radar Conference (pp. 85–88). IEEE.

  3. Ghosh, C. K. (2016). A compact 4-channel microstrip MIMO antenna with reduced mutual coupling. AEU-International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 70(7), 873–879. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aeue.2016.03.018

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Alsultan, R. G., & Yetkin, G. Ö. (2018). Mutual coupling suppression of closely spaced microstrip antennas by ladder-shaped conducting wall. International Journal of Communication Systems, 31(17), e3798. https://doi.org/10.1002/dac.3798ss

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Mishra, A. K., & Mulgrew, B. (2009). Generation of SAR image for real- life objects using general purpose EM simulators. IETE Technical Review, 26(1), 18–27.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Al-Zubaidy, M. A., Sayidmarie, K. H., & Al-Shamaa, S. S. (2006, May). Radar system simulator using PC and Matlab Simulink. In 2006 International Radar Symposium (pp. 1–4). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IRS.2006.4338145.

  7. Joseph, O., Nana, U. E., Akpado, K., & James, A. (2013). Modelling high resolution radar system with Matlab/Simulink. Retrieved 30 Nov 2022 from http://www.i-scholar.in/index.php/article/view/38049

  8. Jia, Z., & Zhou, R. (2017). Analysis and simulation of multi-target echo signals from a phased array radar. In MATEC Web of Conferences (128, p. 02005). EDP Sciences. https://doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201712802005

  9. Bathurst, J. N., Hefnawi, M., Bray, J. R., & Antar, Y. M. (2017, August). MIMO radar simulation using Simulink. In 2017 XXXIInd General Assembly and Scientific Symposium of the International Union of Radio Science (URSI GASS) (pp. 1–4). IEEE.

  10. Elshafiey, O., & Latef, T. B. A. (2018, April). Design of wide- band passive radar system. In 2018 IEEE Symposium on Computer Applications & Industrial Electronics (ISCAIE) (pp. 345–348). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ISCAIE.2018.8405496

  11. Kravchenko, I., & Vertegel, V. (2019, April). An extended simulink model of single-chip automotive FMCW radar. In 2019 Ural Symposium on Biomedical Engineering, Radio electronics and Information Technology (USBEREIT) (pp. 368–370). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/USBEREIT.2019.8736622

  12. Pokle, S. B., & Kulat, K. D. (2006). MATLAB simulation of a wireless communication system using OFDM principle. IETE Technical Review, 23(3), 187‒198. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2006.11657945

  13. Zhang, Y., Chen, Z., Li, B., & He, Y. (2018). Application of low harmonic 18-pulse rectifier power supply for radar power system. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, 66(2), 1080–1088. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIE.2018.2831188

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Majumdar, S., Mahato, B., & Jana, K. C. (2021). Analysis of most optimal multi-unit multi-level inverter having minimum components and lower standing voltage. IETE Technical Review, 38(5), 520–536. https://doi.org/10.1080/02564602.2020.1799874

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Yang, S., & Ordonez, J. C. (2021). Development of generic supercon- ducting components library in MATLAB/Simulink for thermal-hydraulic analyses. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 31(5), 1–5. https://doi.org/10.1109/TASC.2021.3069711

    Article  Google Scholar 

  16. Raha, K., & Ray, K. P. (2021). FMCW GPR model to ascertain pre- processing filter parameters and isolation between antennas. In 2021 IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propagation (InCAP) (pp. 478–481). https://doi.org/10.1109/InCAP52216.2021.9726328.

  17. Simulink Help Centre, Retrieved 25 Nov 2022, from https://www.in.mathworks.com/help/Simulink/examples.html

  18. Richards, M. A. (2014). Fundamentals of radar signal processing. McGraw-Hill Education.

  19. Koivum¨aki, P. (2017). Triangular and ramp waveforms in target detection with a frequency modulated continuous wave radar. Retrieved December 21, 2022, from http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:aalto-201702242587

  20. Borchers, B., Hendrickx, J. M., Das, B. S., & Hong, S. H. (2000, August). Enhancing dielectric contrast between land mines and the soil environment by watering: modeling, design, and experimental results. In Detection and Remediation Technologies for Mines and Mine like Targets V (Vol. 4038, pp. 993–1000). SPIE. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.396183.

  21. Raha, K., & Ray, K. P. (2021). Designing a Cavity Backed Microstrip Antenna with Enhanced Isolation for the Development of a Continuous Wave Ground Penetrating Radar. Defence Science Journal, 71(4).

  22. Skolnik, M. L. (2001). Introduction to radar systems. McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  23. Abdorahimi, D., & Sadeghioon, A. M. (2019). Comparison of radio frequency path loss models in soil for wireless underground sensor networks. Journal of Sensor and Actuator Networks, 8(2), 35.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

A part of the simulation model presented in this paper has been presented at IEEE Indian Conference on Antennas and Propagation (InCAP) in 2021 and published in the proceeding which has been referred in the paper as [16]. However, this paper presents validation of a GPR protype developed using the simulink model. The simulink model as presented in the conference has been suitably modified for the validation experiments.

Funding

The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Electronics and Communication Department, Defence Institute of Advanced Technology, Girinagar Pune, 411025, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Krishnendu Raha & K. P. Ray

Authors
  1. Krishnendu Raha
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. K. P. Ray
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation, data collection and analysis were per- formed by Krishnendu Raha. The first draft of the manuscript was written by Krishnendu Raha and all authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Krishnendu Raha.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors have no relevant financial or non- financial interests to disclose.

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Raha, K., Ray, K.P. Ground Penetrating Radar Model and its Validation using Developed Prototype. Wireless Pers Commun 135, 1233–1244 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11123-1

Download citation

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-11123-1

Keywords

Search

Navigation