Abstract
The growing popularity of online games has led to significant attention being paid to the satisfaction of their audiences, especially in terms of reducing energy consumption and increasing the quality of games. However, the hardware limitations of smart devices on which the games are played pose a major challenge to the quality of games. To resolve this issue, new technologies such as fog computing was proposed for offloading processing tasks. Because access to the fog environment is generally done through wireless channels, it is necessary to study the impact of wireless channel on the efficiency of fog computing. In addition to the wireless channel, the incurred delay on the servers located in the fog environment should also be considered for the evaluation of fog computing performance. In this paper, we examine the impact of wireless channel on offloading performance and show under what conditions using the fog environment can reduce the energy consumption of users’ smart devices and also reduce latency in executing games. In order to calculate the delay in the fog servers, the order of servicing computational tasks is modeled by the service function chain and queueing theory is used to calculate the latency. Simulation results show that offloading does not always reduce energy consumption and delays, and the optimal decision regarding the assignment of tasks to the fog environment or its execution on the local device should take into account the conditions of wireless channel and the server capability located in the fog environment.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data and code availability
The datasets and code generated during and/or analyzed during the current study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable request.
Notes
M/M/S is a queuing system with S servers in which the service time is modeled with an exponential distribution and arrival process is modeled as Poisson process.
References
Jin, H., Zhu, X., & Zhao, C. (2019). Computation offloading optimization based probabilistic SFC for mobile online gaming in hetergeneous network. IEEE Access, 7, 52168–52180.
Sousa, J. P., Tavares, R., & Torres, J. M. (2024). The foggy Frontier: Exploring the fog and edge computing for online games (pp. 131–139). Springer.
Wang, C., Yu, F. R., Liang, C., Chen, Q., & Tang, L. (2017). Joint computation offloading and interference management in wireless cellular networks with mobile edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66(8), 7432–7445.
Retal, S., & Idrissi, A. (2020). Virtual network functions placement system for 5g mobile network architecture. International Journal of Internet Technology and Secured Transactions, 10(1/2), 4.
Xu, Y., Shen, Q., Li, X., & Ma, Z. (2018). A Cost-Efficient Cloud Gaming System at Scale. IEEE Network, 32(1), 42–47.
Mahmud, R., & Buyya, R. (2016). Fog computing: A taxonomy, survey and future directions. arXiv preprint arXiv (vol. 1611, no. 05539).
Liu, L., Chang, Z., Guo, X., Mao, S., & Ristaniemi, T. (2018). Multiobjective optimization for computation offloading in fog computing. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(1), 283–294.
Xiao, Y., & Krunz, M. (2018). Distributed optimization for energy-efficient fog computing in the tactile Internet. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 36(11), 2390–2400.
Liu, L., Fan, Q., & Buyya, R. (2018). A deadline-constrained multi objective task scheduling algorithm in mobile cloud environments. IEEE Access, 6, 52982–52996.
Thanh, N. H., Kien, N. T., Hoa, N. V., Houng, T. T., Wamser, F., & Hossfeld, T. (2021). Energy-aware service function chain embedding in edge-cloud environments for IoT applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 8, 13465–13486.
Wang, L., Dolati, M., Ghaderi M. (2021). CHANGE: Delay-aware service function chain orchestration at the edge. In IEEE 5th international conference on fog and edge computing (ICFEC).
Ahmadi, H., Zadtootaghaj, S., Pakdaman, F., Hashemi, M. R., & Shirmohammadi, S. (2021). A skill-based visual attention model for cloud gaming. IEEE Access, 9, 12332–12347.
Yates, R. D. (2018). Age of information in a network of preemptive servers. In IEEE Conference on computer communications (INFOCOM) work-shops (pp. 118–123).
Zhang, X., Chen, H., Zhao, Y., Ma, Z., Xu, Y., Huang, H., Yin, H., & Oliver Wu, D. (2019). Improving cloud gaming experience through mobile edge computing. IEEE Wireless Communi-cations, 26(4), 1–6.
Varghese, B., Wang, N., Nikolopoulos D. S., & R. Buyya. (2020) Feasibility of fog computing, pp. 127–146.
Wang, Y., Lin X., & Pedram M. (2013). A nested two stage game-based optimization framework in mobile cloud computing system. In Proceedings of IEEE 7th International symposium on service-oriented system engineering (pp. 494–502).
Goldsmith, A. J. (2005). Wireless Communications. Cambridge University Press.
Ross, S. (1988). A first course in probability (8th ed.). Macmillan.
Kleinrock, L. (1975). Queueing systems: theory. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York 1, 102–103.
Mirkovic, D., Armitage, G., & Branch, P. (2018). A survey of round trip time prediction systems. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20, 1758–1776.
Funding
The authors declare that no funds, grants, or other support were received during the preparation of this manuscript.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
All authors contributed to the study conception and design. Material preparation and simulation were performed by Ghazal Jabari. Ali Ghiasian guided the research and prepared the structure and revised the initial draft which had been written by Ghazal Jabari. Results were analyzed by all authors. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that there is no known conflict of interest with any person or institute. The authors have no relevant financial interests to disclose.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Jabbari, G., Ghiasian, A. The Impact of Wireless Channel on the Performance of Computation Offloading in Fog Computing for Online Gaming Applications. Wireless Pers Commun 134, 935–952 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-10938-2
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-024-10938-2