Abstract
Message-transmission energy expenditure dominates battery lifetime in a Wireless Sensor Network (WSN). This paper newly combines network coding with a brokered WSN architecture to decrease the number of messages by means of message aggregation. It also facilitates low-latency delivery of critical messages and improves the overall energy efficiency of a WSN. Sensor nodes are arranged into subgroups, in each of which a broker separates messages into High Priority (HP) and Best Effort (BE) queues. Both arriving HP and BE messages are separately aggregated through network coding and, according to priority, are forwarded to the next broker or eventually to a data sink, where they are decoded. Service differentiation, together with network coding, prolongs the lifetime of the network by reducing the amount of energy consumed in brokers and increases message throughput by reducing waiting times at intermediate brokers. Best-effort message latency was reduced message as well as for high-priority messages. Without network coding all WSN nodes had run out of energy, whereas with the network-coded approach, twenty percent of the sensor nodes were still alive. This compares with some prior research which provides one or more of low message latency, increased message throughput, reduced WSN energy consumption, and prioritized queueing but not all these features together.
Similar content being viewed by others
Availability of data and material
(We have simulation data available)
References
Chai, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Cui, L., Chai, R., Chai, S., Wang, Z., Zhang, B., Cui, L., & Chai, R. (2020). Energy balanced routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Wireless Sensor Networks, 19–68
Hidoussi, F., Toral-Cruz, H., Boubiche, D. E., Martínez-Peláez, R., Velarde-Alvarado, P., Barbosa, R., & Chan, F. (2017). Peal: Power efficient and adaptive latency hierarchical routing protocol for cluster-based wsn. Wireless Personal Communications, 96, 4929–4945.
Chouikhi, S., El Korbi, I., Ghamri-Doudane, Y., & Saidane, L. A. (2015). A survey on fault tolerance in small and large scale wireless sensor networks. Computer Communications, 69, 22–37.
Kaur, N., & Sood, S. K. (2015). An energy-efficient architecture for the internet of things (IoT). IEEE Systems Journal, 11(2), 796–805.
Marinakis, V., & Doukas, H. (2018). An advanced IoT-based system for intelligent energy management in buildings. Sensors, 18(2), 610.
Ho, T., & Lun, D. (2008). Network Coding: An Introduction. Cambridge University Press
Han, C., Yang, Y., & Han, X. (2017). A fast network coding scheme for mobile wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks, 13(2), 1–14.
Hurali, L. C. M., & Patil, A. P. (2022). Application areas of information-centric networking: State-of-the-art and challenges. IEEE Access, 10, 122431–122446.
Song, H., Liu, L., Pudlewski, S. M., & Bentley, E. S. (2020). Random network coding enabled routing protocol in unmanned aerial vehicle networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 19(12), 8382–8395.
Kwon, M., & Park, H. (2019). Distributed topology design for network coding deployed networks. Signal Processing, 165, 380–392.
Karadeniz, M. (2019). Design and implementation of a GOS-aware communication protocol for named data networks. Master’s thesis
Iwaya, L. H., Ahmad, A., & Babar, M. A. (2020). Security and privacy for mhealth and uhealth systems: A systematic mapping study. IEEE Access, 8, 150081–150112.
Chang, Z., & Chan, S.-H.G. (2020). An approximation algorithm to maximize user capacity for an auto-scaling VOD system. IEEE Transactions on Multimedia, 23, 3714–3725.
Srinivasan, R., & Garcia-Luna-Aceves, J. (2023). Optimized network coding with real-time loss prediction for hybrid 5g networks. In: International Symposium on Ubiquitous Networking, pp. 82–97. Springer.
Chen, G., Chan, T.-T., Pan, H., & Ho, K.-H. (2023). Information freshness-oriented relay selection in two-way relay networks: A multi-armed bandit approach. In: 2023 IEEE 20th Consumer Communications & Networking Conference (CCNC), pp. 702–703. IEEE.
Delvadia, K.S., & Dutta, N. (2023). Reinforcement learning inspired forwarding strategy for information centric networks using q-learning algorithm.
Ahmed, A., Abdullah, S., Iftikhar, S., Ahmad, I., Ajmal, S., & Hussain, Q. (2022). A novel blockchain based secured and GOS aware IoT vehicular network in edge cloud computing. IEEE Access, 10, 77707–77722.
Heinzelman, W.R., Chandrakasan, A., & Balakrishnan, H. (2000). Energy-efficient communication protocol for wireless microsensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 33rd Annual Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences, p. 10. IEEE.
Xiangning, F., Yulin, S.: Improvement on leach protocol of wireless sensor network. In: 2007 International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (SENSORCOMM 2007), pp. 260–264 (2007). IEEE.
Akyildiz, I. F., Su, W., Sankarasubramaniam, Y., & Cayirci, E. (2002). A survey on sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 40(8), 102–114.
Akkaya, K., & Younis, M. (2005). A survey on routing protocols for wireless sensor networks. Ad hoc Networks, 3(3), 325–349.
Liu, X., Lim, T. J., & Huang, J. (2020). Optimal byzantine attacker identification based on game theory in network coding enabled wireless ad hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 15, 2570–2583.
Liu, X., Huang, J., Yao, Y., Qi, C., & Zong, G. (2020). Defending pollution attacks in network coding enabled wireless ad hoc networks: a game-theoretic framework. IET Communications, 14(19), 3324–3333.
Vasudevan, V. A., Tselios, C., & Politis, I. (2020). On security against pollution attacks in network coding enabled 5g networks. IEEE Access, 8, 38416–38437.
Rhim, H., Abassi, R., Tamine, K., Sauveron, D., & Guemara, S. (2020). A secure network coding-enabled approach for a confidential cluster-based routing in wireless sensor networks. In: Proceedings of the 35th Annual ACM Symposium on Applied Computing, pp. 2151–2157.
Sasikumar, P., & Khara, S. (2012). K-means clustering in wireless sensor networks. In: 2012 Fourth International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Networks, pp. 140–144. IEEE.
Mechta, D., Harous, S., Alem, I., & Khebbab, D. (2014). Leach-ckm: Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy protocol with k-means and mte. In: 2014 10th International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology (IIT), pp. 99–103. IEEE.
Alharthi, S.A., & Johnson, P.A. (2016). Threshold sensitive heterogeneous leach protocol for wireless sensor networks. In: 2016 24th Telecommunications Forum (TELFOR), pp. 1–4. IEEE.
Mon, E.E. (2016). Poster: Enhancement of cluster-based routing protocol in wireless sensor network. In: Proceedings of the 14th Annual International Conference on Mobile Systems, Applications, and Services Companion, pp. 63–63.
Bongale, A.M., Swarup, A., & Shivam, S. (2017). Eip-leach: Energy influenced probability based leach protocol for wireless sensor network. In: 2017 International Conference on Emerging Trends & Innovation in ICT (ICEI), pp. 77–81. IEEE.
Marappan, P., & Rodrigues, P. (2016). An energy efficient routing protocol for correlated data using cl-leach in wsn. Wireless Networks, 22, 1415–1423.
Ghasemzadeh, R., & Latif, A. M. (2017). Improving leach protocol using sfla algorithm to reduce the energy consumption of wireless sensor networks. International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Technology, 6(7), 255–259.
Shankar, T., & Shanmugavel, S. (2014). Energy optimization in cluster based wireless sensor networks. Journal of Engineering Science and Technology, 9(2), 246–260.
Xu, L., Collier, R., & O’Hare, G. M. (2017). A survey of clustering techniques in wsns and consideration of the challenges of applying such to 5g iot scenarios. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 4(5), 1229–1249.
Rahman, H., Ahmed, N., & Hussain, M.I. (2016). A hybrid data aggregation scheme for provisioning quality of service (QOS) in internet of things (IoT). In: 2016 Cloudification of the Internet of Things (CIoT), pp. 1–5. IEEE.
. Sujeethnanda, M., Nayak, P., & Ramamurthy, G. (2012). A novel approach to an energy aware routing protocol for mobile wsn: Qos provision. In: 2012 International Conference on Advances in Computing and Communications, pp. 38–41. IEEE
Sheyibani, R., Sharififar, E., Khosronejad, M., Mazaheri, M.R., & Homayounfar, B. (2012). A reliable and qos aware multi-path routing algorithm in wsns. In: 2012 Third International Conference on Emerging Intelligent Data and Web Technologies, pp. 125–132. IEEE
Abdullah, S., & Yang, K. (2013). A qos aware message scheduling algorithm in internet of things environment. In: 2013 IEEE Online Conference on Green Communications (OnlineGreenComm), pp. 175–180. IEEE.
Sun, B., Gui, C., & Chen, H. (2015). Network coding-based energy balancing for cooperative multipath routing in manets. In: 2015 IEEE International Conference on Progress in Informatics and Computing (PIC), pp. 419–422. IEEE.
Tao, Q., & Zhang, L. (2016). Research on leach with correlated network coding. In: 2016 3rd International Conference on Information Science and Control Engineering (ICISCE), pp. 1393–1396. IEEE.
Xing, H., Li, S., Cui, Y., Yan, L., Pan, W., & Qu, R. (2017). A hybrid eda for load balancing in multicast with network coding. Applied Soft Computing, 59, 363–377.
Kafaie, S., Chen, Y., Dobre, O. A., & Ahmed, M. H. (2018). Joint inter-flow network coding and opportunistic routing in multi-hop wireless mesh networks: A comprehensive survey. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials, 20(2), 1014–1035.
Fischer, R.F., Cyran, M., Forutan, V., & Huber, J.B. (2017). Network coding security for bidirectional network flows. In: SCC 2017; 11th International ITG Conference on Systems, Communications and Coding, pp. 1–6. VDE.
Rout, R. R., & Ghosh, S. K. (2014). Adaptive data aggregation and energy efficiency using network coding in a clustered wireless sensor network: An analytical approach. Computer Communications, 40, 65–75.
Jiang, L., Yu, L., & Chen, Z. (2012). Network calculus based qos analysis of network coding in cluster-tree wireless sensor network. In: 2012 Computing, Communications and Applications Conference, pp. 1–6. IEEE.
Miao, L., Djouani, K., Kurien, A., & Noel, G. (2012). Network coding and competitive approach for gradient based routing in wireless sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks, 10(6), 990–1008.
Abo-Zahhad, M., Farrag, M., Ali, A., & Amin, O. (2015). An energy consumption model for wireless sensor networks. In: 5th International Conference on Energy Aware Computing Systems & Applications, pp. 1–4. IEEE.
Shortle, J. F., Thompson, J. M., Gross, D., & Harris, C. M. (2018). Fundamentals of Queueing Theory (Vol. 399). Chichester, UK: Wiley.
Ahlswede, R., Cai, N., Li, S.-Y., & Yeung, R. W. (2000). Network information flow. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 46(4), 1204–1216.
Deb, S., Effros, M., Ho, T., Karger, D.R., Koetter, R., Lun, D.S., Médard, M., & Ratnakar, N. (2005). Network coding for wireless applications: A brief tutorial. Citeseer.
Katti, S., Rahul, H., Hu, W., Katabi, D., Médard, M., & Crowcroft, J. (2008). Xors in the air: Practical wireless network coding. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 16(3), 497–510.
Salhi, I., Ghamri-Doudane, Y., Lohier, S., & Roussel, G. (2010). Network coding for event-centric wireless sensor networks. In: 2010 IEEE International Conference on Communications, pp. 1–6. IEEE
Ho, T., Koetter, R., Medard, M., Karger, D.R., & Effros, M. (2003). The benefits of coding over routing in a randomized setting.
Gkantsidis, C., & Rodriguez, P.R. (2005). Network coding for large scale content distribution. In: Proceedings IEEE 24th Annual Joint Conference of the IEEE Computer and Communications Societies., vol. 4, pp. 2235–2245. IEEE.
Pei, L., Li, F., Song, Y., & Sun, B. (2018). Performance analysis of quadratic permutation polynomials network coding in wireless networks. In: 2018 5th International Conference on Systems and Informatics (ICSAI), pp. 610–614. IEEE.
Shao, X., Wang, C., Zhao, C., & Gao, J. (2018). Traffic shaped network coding aware routing for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Access, 6, 71767–71782.
Yan, F., Zhang, X., & Zhang, H. (2017). Flooding with network coding under a schedule-based spanning tree in low-duty-cycle wireless sensor networks. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 7(2), 270–273.
Shen, H., & Bai, G. (2018). Qos-guaranteed wireless broadcast scheduling with network coding and rate adaptation. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67(7), 6492–6503.
Niati, R., Banihashemi, A.H., & Kunz, T. (2011). Scheduling and network coding in wireless multicast networks: a case for unequal time shares. In: 2011 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference, pp. 891–896. IEEE.
Gobinath, T., & Tamilarasi, A. (2020). Rfdcar: Robust failure node detection and dynamic congestion aware routing with network coding technique for wireless sensor network. Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications, 13, 2053–2064.
Amru, M., Jabirullah, M., & Krishna, A.C. (2020). An improved network coding based leach protocol for energy effectiveness in wireless sensor networks. Recent Trends and Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things, 125–136.
Geetha, M., & Ganesan, R. (2020). Cepran-cooperative energy efficient and priority based reliable routing protocol with network coding for wban. Wireless Personal Communications, 117, 1–19.
Khalily-Dermany, M. (2020). A decentralized algorithm to combine topology control with network coding. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 149, 174–185.
Al-Hawri, E., Al-Tam, F., Correia, N., & Barradas, A. (2020). Probabilistic network coding for reliable wireless sensor networks. In: Technological Innovation for Life Improvement: 11th IFIP WG 5.5/SOCOLNET Advanced Doctoral Conference on Computing, Electrical and Industrial Systems, DoCEIS 2020, Costa de Caparica, Portugal, July 1–3, 2020, Proceedings 11, pp. 129–136. Springer.
Funding
(This research is supported by No agency/ No Institution)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
(All authors have contributed in different parts of paper)
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflicts of interest/Conflict of interest
(The Author(s) declare(s) that there is no conflict of interest.)
Code availability
(custom code)
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Abdullah, S., Asghar, M.N., Fleury, M. et al. Network-Coding-Enabled and QoS-Aware Message Delivery for Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 132, 329–359 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10613-y
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-023-10613-y