Abstract
Resource-constrained Devices are extensively used on the Internet of Things (IoT). WSN, RFID, and embedded systems are examples of these devices that have processing and communication power, memory capacity, and energy constraints. One of the lightweight methods in key distribution in these devices is to use Key Pre-Distribution Schemes (KPSs). A feature of a combinatorial key pre-distribution scheme, which is considered a deterministic scheme in key distribution, can be kept constant, while that feature may only occur in random key distribution schemes with a certain probability. In this paper, a new key pre-distribution scheme based on combinatorial designs was introduced, and using theoretical analysis, it was shown that such a scheme had high scalability and resilience compared to schemes introduced in recent years. They also enjoyed a good connectivity.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.
References
Solari Esfehani, N., Haj Seyyed Javadi, H. (2021). A survey of key pre-distribution schemes based on combinatorial designs for resource-constrained devices in the IoT network. Wireless Networks, 27(4), 3025–3052.
Where does the Internet of Things come from?. https://datafloq.com/read/where-does-the-internet-of-things-come-from/524.
Sicari, A., Rizzardi, D., Miorandi, & Coen-Porisini., A. (2016). Internet of things: Security in the keys. In Q2SWinet MSWiM (pp. 129–133).
Nguyen, K. T., Laurent, M., & Oualha, N. (2015). Survey on secure communication protocols for the internet of things. Ad Hoc Networks, 32, 17–31.
Paterson, M. B., & Stinson, D. R. (2014). A unified approach to combinatorial key predistribution schemes for sensor networks. Design, Codes and Cryptography, 71(3), 433–457.
Bahrami, P. N., Javadi, H. H., Dargahi, T., Dehghantanha, A., & Choo, K. R. (2019). A hierarchical key pre-distribution scheme for fog networks. Concurrency and Computation Practice and Experience, 31(22), e4776.
Bose, M., Dey, A., & Mukerjee, R. (2013). Key predistribution schemes for distributed sensor networks via block designs. Design, Codes and Cryptography, 67(1), 111–136.
Henry, K. J., Paterson, M. B., & Stinson, D. R. (2014). Practical approaches to varying network size in combinatorial key predistribution schemes. In Selected Areas in Cryptography (SAC) 2013, number 8282 in Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 89–117). Springer.
Eschenauer, L., & Gligor, V. D. (2002). A key Management Scheme for distributed sensor networks. Proceedings of the 9th ACM Conference on Computer and Communications Security (pp. 41–47). ACM.
Chan, H., & Perrig, A. (2003). Random key predistribution schemes for sensor networks. In Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP 03), (pp. 197–213). IEEE.
Qian, S. (2012). A novel key pre-distribution for wireless sensor networks. Physics Procedia, 25, 2183–2189.
Li, W. S., Tsai, C. W., Chen, M., Hsieh, W. S., & Yang, C. S. (2013). Threshold behavior of multi-path random key pre-distribution for sparse wireless sensor networks. Mathematical and Computer Modeling, 57(11), 2776–2787.
Catakoglu, O., & Levi, A. (2013). Uneven key pre-distribution scheme for multi-phase wireless sensor networks (pp. 359–368). Springer.
Dargahi, T., Javadi, H. H. S., & Hosseinzadeh, M. (2015). Application-specific hybrid symmetric design of key pre-distribution for wireless sensor networks. Security and Communication Networks, 8(8), 1561–1574.
Blom, R. (1984). An optimal class of symmetric key generation systems. In Advances in Cryptology: Proceedings of Eurocrypt 84, Lecture Notes in Computer Science (Vol. 209, pp. 335–338). Springer.
Chien, H. Y., Chen, R. C., & Shen, A. (2008). Efficient key pre-distribution for sensor nodes with strong connectivity and low storage space. In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Advanced Information Networking and Applications (AINA08) (pp. 327–333). GinoWan. IEEE.
Blundo, C., Santis, A. D., Herzberg, A., Kutten, S., Vaccaro, U., & Yung, M. (1993). Perfectly-secure key distribution for dynamic conferences. In Advances in Cryptology: CRYPTO 92. LNCS (Vol. 740, pp. 471–486).
Wang, N. C., & Chen, H. L. (2013). Improving pairwise key predistribution in wireless sensor networks. Advances in intelligent systems and applications (pp. 521–530). Springer.
Camtepe, S. A., & Yener, B. (2004). Combinatorial design of key distribution mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. In Samarati, P., Ryan, P. Y. A., Gollmann, D., Molva R. (Eds.), ESORICS, Volume 3193 of Lecture Notes in Computer Science (pp. 293–308). Springer.
Camtepe, S. A., & Yener, B. (2007). Combinatorial design of key distribution mechanisms for wireless sensor networks. Journal of ACM/IEEE Transactions on Networking, 15(2), 346–358.
Lee, J., & Stinson, D. (2005). A combinatorial approach to key pre-distribution for distributed sensor networks. In IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCN’ 05), IEEE Communication Society (pp. 1200–1205).
Ruj, S., & Roy,B. (2007). Key predistribution using partially balanced designs in wireless sensor networks. Proceedings of the 5th International Conference on Parallel and Distributed Processing and Applications (pp. 431–445).
Ruj, S., Nayak, A., & Stojmenovic, I. (2013). Pairwise and triple key distribution in wireless sensor networks with applications. IEEE Transactions on Computers, 62(11), 2224–2237.
Bechkit, W., Challal, Y., Bouabdallah, A., & Tarokh, V. (2013). A highly scalable key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 12(2), 948–959.
Modiri, V., Javadi, H. H. S., & Anzani, M. (2017). A novel scalable key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks based on residual design. Wireless Personal Communications, 96, 2821–2841.
Yuan, Q., Ma, C., Yu, H., & Bian, X. (2018). A key pre-distribution scheme based on μ-PBIBD for enhancing resilience in wireless sensor networks. Sensors, 18, 1539.
Du, W., Deng, J., Han, Y. S., Varshney, P. K., Katz, J., & Khalili, A. (2005). A pairwise key predistribution scheme for wireless sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC), 8(2), 228–258.
Lee, J., & Stinson, D. R. (2005). Deterministic key predistribution schemes for distributed sensor networks. Selected areas in cryptography (pp. 294–307). Springer.
Chakrabarti, D., Maitra, S., & Roy, B. (2006). A key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks: Merging blocks in combinatorial design. International Journal of Information Security, 5(2), 105–114.
Kavitha, T., & Sridharan, D. (2012). Hybrid design of scalable key distribution for wireless sensor networks. IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, 2(2), 136–141.
Xia, G., Huang, Z., & Wang, Z. (2008). Key pre-distribution scheme for wireless sensor networks based on the symmetric balanced incomplete block design. Journal of Computer Research and Development, 45, 154–164.
Lee, J., & Stinson, D. R. (2008). On the construction of practical key predistributoin schemes for distributed sensor networks. ACM Transactions on Information and System Security (TISSEC), 11(2), 1–35.
Morshed Aski, A., Javadi, H. H. S., & Shirdel, G. H. (2020). A full connectable and high scalable key pre-distribution scheme based on combinatorial designs for resource-constrained devices in IoT network. Wireless Personal Communications, 114(3), 2079–2103. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-020-07466-0.
Funding
The authors have not disclosed any funding.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Solari Esfehani, N., Haj Seyyed Javadi, H. A High Resilience and High Scalable Key Pre-distribution Scheme Based on Combinatorial Designs for Resource-Constrained Devices in IoT Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 127, 2905–2934 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09903-8
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09903-8