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CED-OR Based Opportunistic Routing Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks

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Abstract

In underwater environment, getting the desired data through deployed sensor nodes sometime becomes uncouth due to unavoidable circumstances and demands the stringent maintenance specially for energy source. All sensor nodes are battery dependant and in underwater harsh environment it is extremely hard for replacement or recharge the energy sources. The primary goal of such an underwater wireless network is to keep the network running for as long as feasible, and this can only be accomplished by using energy-efficient sensor nodes. To achieve this goal there is only way to design a shrewd underwater data packet routing strategy. After a meticulous research this goal has been achieved by developing a confined energy depletion (CED) opportunistic routing (OR) mechanism. The proposed solution is called an open-ended solution of low energy packets in underwater routing. The entire operation is accomplished in four steps; in first step, the source nodes locate the available routs by broadcasting the packets towards neighbouring node and maintain the relay forwarding node. In second step, the eligibility of the broadcast packets and the nodes have been determined by computing the Node Depth Factor (Ndf). In third step, the adequate communication link selection process between source and the relay node has been carried out by a predefined Threshold Criterion parameter tc. Further, the communication link has been scrutinized by the Accepted Link Quality (ALQ) value and records the links data a Link Corpus Table (LCT) which manages and quantify the communication links by computing the Link Factor Estimator (LFE) and Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) with a distance factor AΔ. In the fourth step, if the ALQ value becomes shorter than AΔ, the link is not suitable to rout the data packets and the next link will be determined on the same criteria until the adequate link is found, and the packet will be forward using this link. The performance measurements are ratified by conducting the simulation in NS2 simulator with AquaSim 2.0 and all results are being compared with DBR, GEDAR, H2DAB, and FBR protocols in terms of Data packet diffusion ratio, Point to point latency, System energy utilization, and Network lifespan. The result statistics showed that CED-OR has performed scrumptiously as: in terms of packet diffusion ratio, the output results are 98%. For point-to-point latency when reaching to 400 nodes, the data packet latency is only marked by 1.7 s. Considering the system energy utilization, at 400 nodes it has consumed only 310 J of energy. Finally, while focusing to the network lifespan when 500 transmission rounds were completed, it was still alive with 450 more life seconds whereas rest of the protocols were just going to die completely.

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All related data and original images have been placed on Mega cloud storage (https://mega.nz/folder/yVtURCLC) for a limited time in accordance with the Mega.nz policies, however access may only be granted on reasonable request.

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Funding

This work was jointly supported by the National Key Research and Development Program under Grant 2018YFC0407101, and the project of National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grants 61671202 and 61571063.

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Author notes

  1. Shahzad Ashraf

    Present address: College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University - Changzhou Campus, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China

Authors and Affiliations

  1. College of Internet of Things Engineering, Hohai University - Changzhou Campus, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China

    Zhengming Chen & Tauqeer Ahmed

  2. School of Computer Science and Technology, Zhoukou Normal University, Zhoukou, Henan, China

    Hamad Naeem

  3. College of Internet of Things of Engineering, Hohai University - Changzhou Campus, Changzhou, Jiangsu, China

    Shahzad Ashraf & Mingsheng Gao

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  1. Shahzad Ashraf
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Correspondence to Mingsheng Gao.

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Ashraf, S., Gao, M., Chen, Z. et al. CED-OR Based Opportunistic Routing Mechanism for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 125, 487–511 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-022-09561-w

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