Abstract
In underwater wireless sensor networks, routing play a vital role in selecting an optimal path for packet forwarding. In routing scheme, most of the existing work is suffering from both load balancing and void node issue. This is due to the environmental interference, overloaded data, energy depletion, random deployment and mobility of the nodes. However, it causes loss of packet, high energy depletion and bad network quality. We have resolved this issue by implementing load balancing and void healing routing using cuckoo search optimization (CSO) scheme. In this scheme, first we placed the parent node and identify their child node within the transmission range in each level of the network. Then, we applied load balancing with priority based packet forwarding to maintain the uneven distribution of the load and reduces the end-to-end delay. Next, void healing routing with CSO scheme is addressed to recover the convex and concave void issue in the network. A novel multi-objective fitness function is also formulated for selecting the optimal number of nodes. In packet routing, each child node is responsible for receiving the packets from their neighbor nodes and transferred to the parent node. After receiving the packets at parent node, autonomous underwater vehicle is used for collecting the relevant packets from each parent node through minimum travelling time and send towards the base station. The performance evaluation of proposed scheme shows better network quality, packet delivery ratio, less energy consumption and delay over the existing solutions.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Han, G., Jiang, J., Bao, N., Wan, L., & Guizani, M. (2015). Routing protocols for underwater wireless sensor networks. IEEE Communications Magazine,53(11), 72–78.
Darehshoorzadeh, A., & Boukerche, A. (2015). Underwater sensor networks: A new challenge for opportunistic routing protocols. IEEE Communications Magazine,53(11), 98–107.
Heidemann, J., Stojanovic, M., & Zorzi, M. (2012). Underwater sensor networks: Applications, advances and challenges. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences,370(1958), 158–175.
Felemban, E., Shaikh, F. K., Qureshi, U. M., Sheikh, A. A., & Qaisar, S. B. (2015). Underwater sensor network applications: A comprehensive survey. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks,11(11), 896832.
Khasawneh, A., Latiff, M. S. B. A., Chizari, H., Tariq, M., & Bamatraf, A. (2015). Pressure based routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks: A survey. KSII Transactions on Internet & Information Systems,9(2), 504.
Rahim, S. S., Ahmed, S., Javaid, N., Khan, A., Siddiqui, N., Hadi, F., et al. (2019). Scalability analysis of depth-based routing and energy-efficient depth-based routing protocols in terms of delay, throughput, and path loss in underwater acoustic sensor networks. In M. A. Jan, F. Khan, & M. Alam (Eds.), Recent trends and advances in wireless and IoT-enabled networks (pp. 171–185). Cham: Springer.
Azam, I., Javaid, N., Ahmad, A., Abdul, W., Almogren, A., & Alamri, A. (2017). Balanced load distribution with energy hole avoidance in underwater WSNs. IEEE Access,5, 15206–15221.
Noh, Y., Lee, U., Wang, P., Choi, B. S. C., & Gerla, M. (2012). VAPR: Void-aware pressure routing for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing,12(5), 895–908.
Coutinho, R. W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L. F., & Loureiro, A. A. (2015). A novel void node recovery paradigm for long-term underwater sensor networks. Ad Hoc Networks,34, 144–156.
Nowsheen, N., Karmakar, G., & Kamruzzaman, J. (2016). PRADD: A path reliability-aware data delivery protocol for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Journal of Network and Computer Applications,75, 385–397.
Yu, H., Yao, N., Wang, T., Li, G., Gao, Z., & Tan, G. (2016). WDFAD-DBR: Weighting depth and forwarding area division DBR routing protocol for UASNs. Ad Hoc Networks,37, 256–282.
Coutinho, R. W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L. F., & Loureiro, A. A. (2015). Geographic and opportunistic routing for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Transactions on Computers,65(2), 548–561.
Goyal, N., Dave, M., & Verma, A. K. (2016). Energy efficient architecture for intra and inter cluster communication for underwater wireless sensor networks. Wireless Personal Communications,89(2), 687–707.
Coutinho, R. W., Boukerche, A., Vieira, L. F., & Loureiro, A. A. (2017). Performance modeling and analysis of void-handling methodologies in underwater wireless sensor networks. Computer Networks,126, 1–14.
Kanthimathi, N. (2017). Void handling using Geo-Opportunistic Routing in underwater wireless sensor networks. Computers & Electrical Engineering,64, 365–379.
Ghoreyshi, S. M., Shahrabi, A., & Boutaleb, T. (2017). Void-handling techniques for routing protocols in underwater sensor networks: Survey and challenges. IEEE Communications Surveys & Tutorials,19(2), 800–827.
Bouk, S., Ahmed, S., Park, K. J., & Eun, Y. (2017). Edove: Energy and depth variance-based opportunistic void avoidance scheme for underwater acoustic sensor networks. Sensors,17(10), 2212.
Wang, Z., Han, G., Qin, H., Zhang, S., & Sui, Y. (2018). An energy-aware and void-avoidable routing protocol for underwater sensor networks. IEEE Access,6, 7792–7801.
Qiuli, C., Wei, X., Fei, D., & Ming, H. (2018). A reliable routing protocol against hotspots and burst for UASN-based fog systems. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,10, 1–13.
Javaid, N., Ahmad, Z., Sher, A., Wadud, Z., Khan, Z. A., & Ahmed, S. H. (2018). Fair energy management with void hole avoidance in intelligent heterogeneous underwater WSNs. Journal of Ambient Intelligence and Humanized Computing,10, 1–17.
Guan, Q., Ji, F., Liu, Y., Yu, H., & Chen, W. (2019). Distance-vector-based opportunistic routing for underwater acoustic sensor networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal,6(2), 3831–3839.
Albukhary, R. A., & Bouabdallah, F. (2019). Time-variant balanced routing strategy for underwater wireless sensor networks. Wireless Networks,25(6), 3481–3495.
Chen, J. F., Hsieh, H. N., & Do, Q. (2014). Predicting student academic performance: A comparison of two meta-heuristic algorithms inspired by cuckoo birds for training neural networks. Algorithms,7(4), 538–553.
Mahmoudi, S., & Lotfi, S. (2015). Modified cuckoo optimization algorithm (MCOA) to solve graph coloring problem. Applied Soft Computing,33, 48–64.
Barber, C. B., Dobkin, D. P., Dobkin, D. P., & Huhdanpaa, H. (1996). The quickhull algorithm for convex hulls. ACM Transactions on Mathematical Software (TOMS),22(4), 469–483.
Khan, J., & Cho, H. S. (2015). A distributed data-gathering protocol using AUV in underwater sensor networks. Sensors,15(8), 19331–19350.
Ilyas, N., Alghamdi, T. A., Farooq, M. N., Mehboob, B., Sadiq, A. H., Qasim, U., et al. (2015). AEDG: AUV-aided efficient data gathering routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks. Procedia Computer Science,52, 568–575.
Luo, H., Guo, Z., Wu, K., Hong, F., & Feng, Y. (2009). Energy balanced strategies for maximizing the lifetime of sparsely deployed underwater acoustic sensor networks. Sensors,9(9), 6626–6651.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
On behalf of all authors, the corresponding author states that there is no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Kumari, S., Mishra, P.K. & Anand, V. Integrated Load Balancing and Void Healing Routing with Cuckoo Search Optimization Scheme for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 111, 1787–1803 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06957-z
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06957-z