Abstract
Cooperation is an effective method to increase the performance metrics of spectrum sensing in cognitive radio (CR). For spectrum sensing in cognitive wireless sensor networks (C-WSNs), low complexity and consequently low performance methods are applicable due to resource constraint. Also, we can profit the cooperation for overcoming the noise uncertainty, fading, shadowing, hidden primary user problem etc. But, low performance methods increase severely false alarm rate \((P_{Fa})\) and waste the precious resources of sensor nodes, because of collisions and retransmitions. In this paper, we propose two approaches for utilizing high performance spectrum sensing methods in C-WSNs. Then, we focus on our second approach i.e. United Spectrum Sensing, as a more comprehensive method than conventional cooperative spectrum sensing in CR, to solve the problem of high performance spectrum sensing in C-WSNs.
This is a preview of subscription content, access via your institution.















References
Prakash, P., Lee, S. R., Noh, S. K., & Choi, D. Y. (2014). Issues in realization of cognitive radio sensor networks. International Journal of Control and Automation, 7(1), 141–152.
Zahmati, A. S., Hussain, S., Fernando, X., & Grami, A. (2009). Cognitive wireless sensor networks: Emerging topics and recent challenges. IEEE International Conference on Science and Technology for Humanity (IEEE TIC-STH) (pp. 593–596).
Yau, K. L. A., Komisarczuk, P., & Teal, P. D. (2009). Cognitive radio-based wireless sensor networks: Conceptual design and open issues. In Proceedings of 2nd IEEE Workshop on Wireless and Internet Services (WISe).
Mitola, J., & Maguire, G. Q. (1999). Cognitive radio: Making software radios more personal. IEEE Personal Communications, 6(4), 13–18.
Fragkiadakis, A., Angelakis, V., & Tragos, E. Z. (2014). Securing cognitive wireless sensor networks: A survey. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. doi:10.1155/2014/393248.
Joshi, G. P., Seung, Y. N., & Sung, W. K. (2013). Cognitive radio wireless sensor networks: Applications, challenges and research trends. Journal of Sensors, 13(9), 11196–11228.
Beneslu, S., & Shafiee, M. (2014). A high performance, low complexity method for spectrum sensing in cognitive wireless sensor network (C-WSN). In Proceedings od 4th International Conference on Information Technology Management, Communication and Computer (pp. 40–48).
Haykin, S., Thomson, D. J., & Reed, J. H. (2009). Spectrum sensing for cognitive radio. Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(5), 849–877.
Shafiee, M., & Vakili, V. T. (2012). MTM-based spectrum sensing in cognitive wireless multimedia sensor networks (C-WMSNs). In Proceedings of 6th IEEE International Symposium on Telecommunications (IST).
Shafiee, M., & Vakili, V. T. (2013). An approach to efficient spectrum sensing in cognitive wireless sensor networks (C-WSNs). Journal of Applied Mechanics and Materials (AMM), from 2nd International Conference on Civil Engineering and Transportation (Vol. 256–259, pp. 2303–2306).
Viswanathan, R., & Ahsant, B. (2012). A review of sensing and distributed detection algorithms for cognitive radio systems. International Journal on Smart Sensing and Intelligent Systems, 5(1), 177–190.
Kay, S. M. (1988). Modern spectral estimation: Theory and application. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Han, N., Shon, S. H., Joo, J. O., & Kim, J. M. (2006). Spectrum sensing method for increasing the spectrum efficiency in wireless sensor network. Springer Journal of Computer Science, 4239, 478–488.
Fodor, V., & Glaropoulos, I. (2009). Sensor networks for spectrum sensing: Working assumptions and design goals. Sweden: Crops2 Project, Royal Institute of Technology (KTH University).
Pham, H. N., Zhang, Y., Engelstad, P. E., Skeie, T., & Eliassen, F. (2009). Optimal cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive sensor networks. International Conference on Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing (ICWCMC) (pp. 1073–1079).
Izumi, S., Tsuruda, K., Takeuchi, T., Lee, H., Kawaguchi, H., & Yoshimoto, M. (2010). A low-power multi resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS) architecture for a wireless sensor network with cognitive radio. In Proceedings of 4th IEEE International Conference on Sensor Technologies and Applications (pp. 39–44).
Akbari, M., & Falahati, A. (2011). A fault-tolerant cooperative spectrum sensing algorithm over cognitive radio network based on wireless sensor network. The Journal of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN), 3(3), 83.
Chatterjee, S. R., Hazra, R., Deb, A., & Chakraborty, M. (2011). Cyclostationary spectral analysis approach to spectrum sensing for mobile radio signals. In 2nd Annual IEEE International Conference on Innovative Techno-Management Solutions for Social Sector.
Yan, J., & Inwhee, J. (2016). Markov model-based energy efficiency spectrum sensing in cognitive radio sensor networks. Hindawi Journal of Computer Networks and Communications.
Subhedar, M., & Birajdar, G. (2011). Spectrum sensing techniques in cognitive radio networks: A survey. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks, 3, 37–51.
Yucek, T., & Arslan, H. (2009). A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 11(1), 116–130.
Kay, S. M. (1993). Fundamentals of statistical signal processing: Estimation theory. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.
Cabric, D., Mishra, S., & Brodersen, R. (2004). Implementation issues in spectrum sensing for cognitive radios. Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers (Vol. 1, pp. 772–776).
Akyildiz, I. F., Lo, B. F., & Balakrishnan, R. (2011). Cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks: A survey. Elsevier Journal on Physical Communication, 4(1), 40–62.
Selim, B., Alhussein, O., Karagiannidis, G. K., & Muhaidat, S. (2015). Optimal cooperative spectrum sensing over composite fading channels. IEEE International Conference on Communication Workshop (ICCW).
Do, N. T., & An, B. (2015). A soft-hard combination-based cooperative spectrum sensing scheme for cognitive radio networks. Journal of Sensors, 15(2), 4388–4407.
Kyperountas, S., Correal, N., & Shi, Q. (2010). A comparison of fusion rules for cooperative spectrum sensing in fading channels. In Proceedings of 20th Virginia Tech Symposium on Wireless Personal Communications (pp. 1–6).
Guimaraes, D. A., & Aquino, G. P. (2015). Resource-efficient fusion over fading and non-fading reporting channels for cooperative spectrum sensing. Journal of Sensors, 15(1), 1861–1884.
Weiss, T., Hillenbrand, J., & Jondral, F. (2003). A diversity approach for the detection of idle spectral resources in spectrum pooling systems. In Proceedings of 48th International Scientific Colloquium (p. 3738).
Lunden, J., Koivunen, V., Huttunen, A., & Poor, H. V. (2007). Spectrum sensing in cognitive radios based on multiple cyclic frequencies. In IEEE International Conference on Cognitive Radio Oriented Wireless Networks and Communication (Crowncom).
Dressler, F. (2008). Self-organization in sensor and actor networks. Chichester: Wiley.
Rizvi, S., Karpinski, K., & Razaque, A. (2015). Novel architecture of self-organized mobile wireless sensor networks. Journal of Computing Science and Engineering, 9(4), 163–176.
Shah, M., Zhang, S., & Maple, C. (2013). Cognitive radio networks for internet of things: Applications, challenges and future. In Proceedings of 19th IEEE International Conference on Automation and Computing (ICAC) (pp. 1–6).
Hossain, E., Rasti, M., Tabassum, H., & Abdelnasser, A. (2014). Evolution toward 5G multi-tier cellular wireless networks: An interference management perspective. IEEE Wireless Communications, 21(3), 118–127.
Thomson, D. J. (1982). Spectrum estimation and harmonic analysis. Proceedings of the IEEE, 70(9), 1055–1096.
Haykin, S. (2005). Cognitive radio: Bain-empowered wireless communications. IEEE Selected Areas on Communincation, 23(2), 201–220.
Hu, G., Muqing, W., Chunxiu, X., & Qianqian, W. (2010). An improved multitaper method for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. In Proceedings of 3rd IEEE International Conference on Computer Science and Information Technology (ICCSIT) (pp. 393–396).
Alghamdi, O. A., & Ahmed, M. Z. (2011). New optimization method for cooperative spectrum sensing in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Wireless Advanced (WiAd).
Alghamdi, O. A., Abu-Rgheff, M. A., & Ahmed, M. Z. (2010). MTM parameters optimization for 64-FFT cognitive radio spectrum sensing using monte carlo simulation. In Proceedings of 2nd International Conference on Emerging Network Intelligence (pp. 107–113).
Qian, Z., Lu, C., An, M., & Tolimieri, R. (1994). Self-sorting in place FFT algorithm with minimum working space. IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, 42(10), 2835–2836.
Harvey, D., & Roche, D. S. (2010). In-place truncated fourier transform and applications to polynomial multiplication. In Proceedings of International Symposium on Symbolic and Algebraic Computation (pp. 325–329).
Cooley, J. W. (1990). ”How the FFT gained acceptance”, a history of scientific computing. Reading, MA: ACM Publication.
Cordeiro, C., Challapali, K., & Birru, D. (2006). IEEE 802.22: An introduction to the first wireless standard based on cognitive radios. Journal of Communications, 1(1), 38–47.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Shafiee, M., Vakili, V.T. United Versus Cooperative Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Wireless Sensor Networks (C-WSNs). Wireless Pers Commun 95, 2461–2483 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3929-x
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-016-3929-x