Abstract
Spectrum mobility packet drops due to dynamic channel handover in optimized cognitive mobile IP leads to end-to-end connection disruption and severe performance degradation in transmission control protocol (TCP). In traditional mobile IP, buffered packet drops in between base station and the mobile node are only due to node mobility and network congestion. To date, number of packet buffering and forwarding mechanisms were proposed to reduce the node mobility and buffer overflow packet drops. But, dynamic spectrum access in cognitive mobile IP introduces spectrum mobility packet drops apart from node mobility and network congestion. Hence, it is significant to enhance the existing mobile IP to support the spectrum handover framework and reduce spectrum mobility packet drops during primary user (PU) active in the current cognitive radio channel. In this work, on-demand priority packet forwarding with spectrum handover support is proposed to reduce the packet drops due to spectrum mobility, node mobility and network congestion. In addition, adaptive power control algorithm is proposed to reduce the collisions due to hidden PU receivers at edge PU coverage area. Experimental results disclose that the performance of TCP with proposed on-demand priority packet forwarding outperforms the existing packet buffering mechanisms.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Chun, H., & La, R. J. (2013). Secondary spectrum trading—auction-based framework for spectrum allocation and profit sharing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 21(1), 176–189.
Sengupta, S., & Subbalakshmi, K. P. (2013). Open research issues in multi-hop cognitive radio networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 51(4), 168–176.
Khalife, H., Malouch, N., & Fdida, S. (2009). Multihop cognitive radio networks: To route or not to route. IEEE Network, 23(4), 20–25. doi:10.1109/MNET.2009.5191142.
Devroye, N., Vu, M., & Tarokh, V. (2008). Cognitive radio networks. IEEE Signal Processing Magazine, 25(6), 12–23. doi:10.1109/MSP.2008.929286.
Baykas, T., Kasslin, M., Cummings, M., Kang, H., Kwak, J., Paine, R., et al. (2012). Developing a standard for TV white space coexistence: Technical challenges and solution approaches. IEEE Wireless Communications, 19(1), 10–22.
Tandra, R., Mishra, S. M., & Sahai, A. (2009). What is a spectrum hole and what does it take to recognize one? Proceedings of the IEEE, 97(5), 824–848.
Lo, B. F. (2011). A survey of common control channel design in cognitive radio networks. Elsevier Journal of Physical Communications, 4(1), 26–39.
Bian, K., Park, J. M., & Chen, R. (2011). Control channel establishment in cognitive radio networks using channel hopping. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 29(4), 689–703.
Lo, B. F., Akyildiz, I. F., & Al-Dhelaan, A. M. (2010). Efficient recovery control channel design in cognitive radio Ad Hoc networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 59(9), 4513–4526.
Cormio, C., & Chowdhury, K. R. (2010). Common control channel design for cognitive radio wireless ad hoc networks using adaptive frequency hopping. Elsevier Journal of Ad Hoc Networks, 8(4), 430–438.
Perkins, C. E. (1998). Mobile networking through mobile IP. IEEE Internet Computing, 2(1), 58–69.
Perkins, C. E. (1998). Mobile IP. International Journal of Communication Systems, 11, 3–20. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1099-1131(199801/02)11:1<3:AID-DAC351>3.0.CO;2-6.
Perkins, C. E., & Wang, K.-Y. (1999). Optimized smooth handoffs in mobile IP. In Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Computers and Communications (pp. 340–346).
Khaled, A., Maree, M., & Gamal, A. (2012). Low latency Handoff by integrating pre-registration with MIFA. The International Arab Journal of Information Technology, 9(2), 142–147.
Cheng, Y., Chou, C., Wu, H., & Chen, G. (2015). A cognitive TCP design for a cognitive radio network with an unstable-bandwidth link. IEEE Transactions on Computers. doi:10.1109/TC.2014.2375186.
Luo, C., Yu, F. R., Ji, H., & Leung, V. C. M. (2010). Cross-layer design for TCP performance improvement in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 59(5), 2485–2495.
Wang, J., Huang, A., Wang, W., Zhang, Z., & Lau, V. K. N. (2014). On the transmission opportunity and TCP throughput in cognitive radio networks. International Journal of Communication Systems, 27, 303–321. doi:10.1002/dac.2362.
Eom, D. S., Sugano, M., Murata, M., & Miyahara, H. (2000). Performance improvement by packet buffering in mobile IP based networks. IEICE Transactions on Communications, E83-B(11), 2501–2512.
Sally, F., & Jacobson, V. (1993). Random early detection gateways for congestion avoidance. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 1(4), 397–413.
Roh, Y. S., Hur, K., Eom, D.-S., Lee, Y., & Tchah, K. H. (2005). TCP performance enhancement by implicit priority forwarding (IPF) packet buffering scheme for mobile IP based networks. Journal of Communication and Networks, 7(3), 367–376.
Hur, K., Eom, D.-S., Lee, Y.-W., Lee, J.-H., & Kang, S. (2007). Priority forwarding for improving TCP performance in mobile IP based networks with packet buffering. Computer Communications, 30(6), 1337–1349.
Anamalamudi, S., Xu, W., & Liu, X. (2012). Performance enhancement of TCP in mobile IP based networks. In IEEE/ACIS 11th international conference on computer and information science (pp. 88–93).
Sharma, S., Zhu, N., & Chiueh, T. (2004). Low-latency mobile IP handoff for infrastructure-mode wireless LANs. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 22(4), 643–652.
Anamalamudi, S., & Jin, M. (2013). Low rate common control channel based AODV routing protocol for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. In 5th international conference on ubiquitous and future networks (ICUFN) (pp. 625, 630).
Elmachkour, M., Kobbane, A., Sabir, E., Ben-othman, J., & El koutbi, M. (2014). Data traffic-based analysis of delay and energy consumption in cognitive radio networks with and without resource reservation. International Journal of Communication Systems. doi:10.1002/dac.2764.
Anamalamudi, S., Liu, C., & Jin, M. (2014). Energy efficient CCC based AODV routing protocol for cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. Journal of Communications, 9(2), 107–117.
Guillemin, F., & Boyer, J. (2001). Analysis of the M/M/1 queue with processor sharing via spectral theory. Queueing Systems, 39(4), 377. doi:10.1023/A:1013913827667.
Karlin, S., & McGregor, J. (1958). Many server queueing processes with Poisson input and exponential service times. Pacific Journal of Mathematics, 8(1), 87–118. doi:10.2140/pjm.1958.8.87.MR0097132.
Fallahi, K., Cheng, C. T., & Fattouche, M. (2012). Robust positioning systems in the presence of outliers under weak GPS signal conditions. IEEE Systems Journal, 6(3), 401–413.
Christian, I., Moh, S., Chung, I., & Lee, J. (2012). Spectrum mobility in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Communications Magazine, 50(6), 114–121.
VINT Group. (1995). \UCB/LBNL/VINT network simulator ns (version2) [online].http://www.isi.edu/nsnam/ns/.
The CMU Monarch Project. (1998). \Wireless and Mobility Extension to ns [online]. http://www.monarch.cs.rice.edu/.
Nekovee, M. (2010). A survey of cognitive radio access to TV white spaces. International Journal of Digital Multimedia Broadcasting, 2010, 1–11.
Lee, P., & Wei, G. (2009). NS2 model for cognitive radio networks routing. In International symposium of computer network and multimedia technology (pp. 1, 4).
Chen, H., & Trajkovic, L. (2002). Simulation of route optimization in mobile IP. In Proceedings of 27th annual IEEE conference on local computer networks (pp. 847, 848).
Zhong, J. (2009). Development of NS-2 based cognitive radio cognitive network simulator. MS Thesis, Michigan Technological University.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning), Korea, under the ITRC (Information Technology Research Center) support program (IITP-2015-H8501-15-1019) supervised by the IITP (Institute for Information & Communications Technology Promotion).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Anamalamudi, S., Jin, M., Kim, J.M. et al. On Demand Priority Packet Forwarding for TCP Performance Enhancement in Cognitive Mobile IP Networks. Wireless Pers Commun 86, 1947–1970 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-3132-5
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-015-3132-5