Abstract
In realistic channel environments the performance of space–time coded multiple-input multiple output (MIMO) systems is significantly reduced due to non-ideal antenna placement and non-isotropic scattering. In this paper, by exploiting the spatial dimension of a MIMO channel we introduce the novel idea of linear spatial precoding (or power-loading) based on fixed and known parameters of MIMO channels to ameliorate the effects of non-ideal antenna placement on the performance of coherent (channel is known at the receiver) and non-coherent (channel is un-known at the receiver) space–time codes. Antenna spacing and antenna placement (geometry) are considered as fixed parameters of MIMO channels, which are readily known at the transmitter. With this design, the precoder is fixed for fixed antenna placement and the transmitter does not require any feedback of channel state information (partial or full) from the receiver. We also derive precoding schemes to exploit non-isotropic scattering distribution parameters of the scattering channel to improve the performance of space–time codes applied on MIMO systems. However, these schemes require the receiver to estimate the non-isotropic parameters and feed them back to the transmitter. Closed form solutions for precoding schemes are presented for systems with up to three receive antennas. A generalized method is proposed for more than three receive antennas.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Telatar, I. E. (1995). Capacity of multi-antenna gaussian channels. Tech. Repo., AT & T Bell Labs
Foschini G.J., Gans M.J. (1998) On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment when using multiple antennas. Wireless Personal Communications 6: 311–335
Tarokh V., Seshadri N., Calderbank A.R. (1998) Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: performance criterion and code construction. IEEE Transaction Information Theory 44(1): 744–765
Alamouti S. (1998) A simple transmit diversity technique for wireless communications. IEEE Transaction, Communication 16(8): 1451–1458
Tarokh V., Jafarkhani H., Calderbank A.R. (1999) Space-time codes from orthogonal designs. IEEE Transaction Information Theory 45(5): 1456–1467
Sampath, H., & Paulraj, A. (2001). Linear precoding for space–time coded systems with known fading correlations. In Proceeding of the asilomar conference signals, systems and computers, Pacific Grove, CA, USA, Vol. 1, pp. 246–251.
Giannakis, G. B., & Zhou S. (2000). Optimal transmit-diversity precoders for random fading channels. In Proceedings of GLOBECOM, San Francisco, CA, Vol. 3, pp. 1839–1843.
Zhou, S., & Giannakis, G. B. (2003). Optimal transmitter eigen-beamforming and space–time block coding based on channel correlations. IEEE Transactions Information Theory, 49, (7), 1673–1690. 2003.
Zhao, Y., Adve, R., & Lim, T. J. (2004). Precoding of orthogonal STBC with channel covariance feedback for minimum error probability. In Proceedings of the 15th IEEE International symposium on personal, indoor and mobile radio communications PIMRC’2004, Barcelona, Spain.
Hjørungnes, A., Akhtae, J., & Gesbert, D. (2004). Precoding for space–time block codes in (non-)kronecker correlated MIMO channels. In Proceedings of the 12th European signal processing conference, EUSIPCO’2004, Vienna, Austria, pp. 6–10.
Cai, X., & Giannakis, G. B. (2003). Differential space–time modulation with transmit-beamforming for correlated MIMO fading channels. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Conference on acoustics, speech, and signal processing, 2003 (ICASSP ’03), Hong Kong Vol. 4, pp. IV–25–28.
Nguyen, V. K. (2005). Differential encoding technique for multi-antenna systems with correlated rayleigh fading channels. in Proceedings of the IEEE International conf. on industrial tech., Hong Kong, pp. 1141–1146.
Abhayapala, T. D., Pollock, T. S., & Kennedy, R. A. (2003). Spatial decomposition of MIMO wireless channels. In Proceedings of the 7th international symposium on signal processing and its applications, Paris, France, Vol. 1, pp. 309–312.
Jones, H. M., Kennedy, R. A., & Abhayapala, T. D. (2002). On dimensionality of multipath fields: Spatial extent and richness. In Proceedings of the IEEE Int. conf. acoust., speech, signal processing, ICASSP’2002, Orlando, FL, USA Vol. 3, pp. 2837–2840.
Lamahewa T.A., Simon M.K., Kennedy R.A., Abhayapala T.D. (2005) Performance analysis of space–time codes in realistic propagation environments: A moment generating function-based approach. Journal Of Communication and Networks 7(4): 450–461
Hughes B.L. (2000) Differential space–time modulation. IEEE Transaction Information Theory 46: 2567–2578
Golub, G. H., & Van Loan, C. F. (1996). Matrix computations, (3rd ed.). The Johns Hopkins Baltimore and London: University Press.
Boyd S., Vandenberghe L. (2004) Convex optimization. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge
Hochwald B.M., Sweldens W. (2000) Differential unitary space–time modulation. IEEE Transactions on Communication 48(12): 2041–2052
PollockT.S., Abhayapala T.D., Kennedy R.A. (2003) Introducing space into MIMO capacity calculations Journal on Telecommunications Systems (Kluwer Academic Publishers) 24(2): 415–436
Salz J., Winters J.H. (1994) Effect of fading correlation on adaptive arrays in digital mobile radio. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology 42(4): 1049–1057
Lamahewa, T. A., Abhayapala, T. D., & Kennedy, R. A. (2004). Fading resistance of orthogonal space–time block codes under spatial correlation. In Proceedings of the IEEE Workshop on signal processing advances in wireless communications, SPAWC, Lisbon, Portugal, pp. 278–282.
Chen T.A., Fitz M.P., Kuo W.Y., Zoltowski M.D., Grimm J.H. (2000) A spacetime model for frequency nonselective rayleigh fading channels with applications to space–time modems. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 18: 1175–1190
Abdi A., Kaveh M. (2002) A space–time correlation model for multielement antenna systems in mobile fading channels. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications 20: 550–560
Goodman N.R. (1963) Statistical analysis based on a certain multivariate complex gaussian distribution (an introduction). Annals of Mathematical Statistics 34: 152–177
Korn G.A., Korn T.M. (1968) Mathematical handbook for scientists and engineers. Dover, New York, NY
Anderson B D.O., Moore J.B. (2005) Optimal filtering. Dover Publications, New York
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lamahewa, T.A., Kennedy, R.A., Abhayapala, T.D. et al. Spatial precoder design for space–time coded MIMO systems: based on fixed parameters of MIMO channels. Wireless Pers Commun 43, 777–799 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9281-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-007-9281-4