Abstract
Aiming at the problem of offloading optimization of transmission power and edge cloud pricing in mobile edge computing systems, this paper proposes an Offloading Strategy-and Price Control(OSPC) algorithm based on Stackelberg game. First, the Stackelberg game is used to establish the edge cloud pricing and transmission power decision model, which realizes the optimization of the utility of edge cloud and each user under the task delay constraint and the edge cloud capacity constraint; Then, a relationship model between the optimal transmission power and the amount of offloading data is established, which simplifies the user’s optimal transmission power offloading decision; Finally, an OSPC algorithm is studied, which achieves the optimal pricing of edge cloud utility maximization and the optimal offloading strategy for each user to maximize their own utility under this pricing. The simulation results show that the method proposed in this paper not only guarantees the utility of the edge cloud, but also maximizes the utility of users, and the algorithm has good convergence and scalability.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Huang, J., Qiang, D., Xing, C. C., & Wang, H. (2017). Topology control for building a large-scale and energy-efficient internet of things. IEEE Wireless Communications, 24(1), 67–73.
Chiang, M., & Tao, Z. (2016). Fog and IoT: An overview of research opportunities. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3(6), 854–864.
Shi, W., & Jie, C. (2016). Edge computing: Vision and challenges. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 3(5), 637–646.
Alsaleh, A. (2018). Can cloudlet coordination support cloud computing infrastructure? Journal of Cloud Computing, 7(1), 8. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-018-0110-y.
Cicirelli, F., Guerrieri, A., Spezzano, G., Vinci, A., Briante, O., Iera, A., & Ruggeri, G. (2017). Edge computing and social internet of things for large-scale smart environments development. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(4), 2557–2571.
Pan, J., & Mcelhannon, J. (2017). Future edge cloud and edge computing for internet of things applications. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(1), 439–449.
Shahzadi, S., Iqbal, M., Dagiuklas, T., & Qayyum, Z. U. (2017). Multi-access edge computing: Open issues, challenges and future perspectives. Journal of Cloud Computing, 6(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13677-017-0097-9.
Wang, C., Yu, F. R., Liang, C., Chen, Q., & Tang, L. (2017). Joint computation offloading and interference management in wireless cellular networks with mobile edge computing. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 66(8), 7432–7445.
Zhang, K., Mao, Y., Leng, S., Zhao, Q., Li, L., Peng, X., et al. (2016). Energy-efficient offloading for mobile edge computing in 5G heterogeneous networks. IEEE Access, 4, 5896–5907.
Kaewpuang, R., Niyato, D., Wang, P., & Hossain, E. (2013). A framework for cooperative resource management in mobile cloud computing. IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications, 31(12), 2685–2700. https://doi.org/10.1109/jsac.2013.131209
Liu, F., Huang, Z., & Wang, L. (2019). Energy-efficient collaborative task computation offloading in cloud-assisted edge computing for IoT sensors. Sensors (Basel) 19(5), 1105. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19051105, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30836717
Zhang, J., Hu, X., Ning, Z., Ngai, E. C. H., Zhou, L., Wei, J., Cheng, J., & Hu, B. (2018). Energy-latency tradeoff for energy-aware offloading in mobile edge computing networks. IEEE Internet of Things Journal, 5(4), 2633–2645. https://doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2017.2786343
Hao, Y., Min, C., Long, H., Hossain, M. S., & Ghoneim, A. (2018). Energy efficient task caching and offloading for mobile edge computing. IEEE Access, 6(99), 11365–11373.
Songtao, G., Jiadi, L., Yuanyuan, Y., Bin, X., & Zhetao, L. (2018). Energy-efficient dynamic computation offloading and cooperative task scheduling in mobile cloud computing. IEEE Transactions on Mobile Computing, 18, 2.
Du, J., Zhao, L., Feng, J., & Chu, X. (2018). Computation offloading and resource allocation in mixed fog/cloud computing systems with min-max fairness guarantee. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(4), 1594–1608.
Tao, X., Ota, K., Dong, M., Qi, H., & Li, K. (2017). Performance guaranteed computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 6, 6.
Xu, C., Lei, J., Li, W., & Fu, X. (2015). Efficient multi-user computation offloading for mobile-edge cloud computing. IEEE/ACM Transactions on Networking, 24(5), 2795–2808.
Pourkabirian, A., Fooladi, D. T., Zeinali Khosraghi, E., & Rahmani, A. M. (2019). An evolutionary game-theoretic approach for base station allocation in wireless femtocell networks. Wireless Personal Communications, 107(1), 217–242. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11277-019-06251-y.
Deng, M., Tian, H., & Lyu, X. (2016). Adaptive sequential offloading game for multi-cell mobile edge computing. In: Proceedings of the 2016 23rd International Conference on Telecommunications (ICT)
Liu, M., & Liu, Y. (2017). Price-based distributed offloading for mobile-edge computing with computation capacity constraints. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 7(3), 420–423.
Seong-Hwan, K., Sangdon, P., Chen, M., & Chan-Hyun, Y. (2018). An optimal pricing scheme for the energy efficient mobile edge computation offloading with OFDMA. IEEE Communications Letters, 22(9), 1922–1925.
Liu, Y., Xu, C., Zhan, Y., Liu, Z., Guan, J., & Zhang, H. (2017). Incentive mechanism for computation offloading using edge computing: A stackelberg game approach. Computer Networks, 129P2(24), 399–409.
Yingmo, J., Xinyu, T., Raymond, C. K. K., Shenghao, S., Mingchu, L., & Cheng, G. (2018). Online task scheduling for edge computing based on repeated stackelberg game. Journal of Parallel and Distributed Computing, 122, 159–172.
Li, M., Wu, Q., Zhu, J., Zheng, R., & Zhang, M. (2018). A computing offloading game for mobile devices and edge cloud servers. Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing, 2018, 1–10.
Guo, S., Hu, X., Dong, G., Li, W., & Qiu, X. (2019). Mobile edge computing resource allocation: A joint stackelberg game and matching strategy. International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks. https://doi.org/10.1177/1550147719861556.
Mach, P., & Becvar, Z. (2017). Mobile edge computing: A survey on architecture and computation offloading. IEEE Communications Surveys and Tutorials, 19(3), 1628–1656.
Cao, H., & Cai, J. (2017). Distributed multiuser computation offloading for cloudlet-based mobile cloud computing: A game-theoretic machine learning approach. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 67, 1.
You, C., Huang, K., Chae, H., & Kim, B. (2017). Energy-efficient resource allocation for mobile-edge computation offloading. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(3), 1397–1411.
Du, J., Zhao, L., Feng, J., & Chu, X. (2017). Computation offloading and resource allocation in mixed fog/cloud computing systems with min-max fairness guarantee. IEEE Transactions on Communications, 66(4), 1.
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System Technical Journal, 27(4), 379–423.
Yang, B., Li, Z., Chen, S., Wang, T., & Li, K. (2016). Stackelberg game approach for energy-aware resource allocation in data centers. IEEE Transactions on Parallel and Distributed Systems, 27(12), 3646–3658.
Mao, Y., Zhang, J., Song, S. H., & Letaief, K. B. (2017). Stochastic joint radio and computational resource management for multi-user mobile-edge computing systems. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 16(9), 5994–6009.
Leon, X., & Navarro, L. (2013). A stackelberg game to derive the limits of energy savings for the allocation of data center resources. Future Generation Computer Systems, 29(1), 74–83.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Liu, Z., Fu, J. & Zhang, Y. Computation offloading and pricing in mobile edge computing based on Stackelberg game. Wireless Netw 27, 4795–4806 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02767-z
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-021-02767-z