Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

A modeling framework for supporting and evaluating connectivity in cognitive radio ad hoc networks with beamforming

  • Published:
Wireless Networks Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

In this paper, we present an analytical modeling framework for supporting and evaluating the impact of shadowing and beamforming on the topological connectivity of cognitive radio ad-hoc networks (CRAHNs) where primary users (PUs) are equipped with omnidirectional antennas while secondary users (SUs) are equipped with directional antennas such as uniform linear array (ULA) antenna and uniform circular array (UCA) antenna. The main features and contributions in this paper are as follows. First, we derive a formula for calculating effective coverage area of a node in secondary network by taking the effect of path loss, antenna model, and beamforming scheme into consideration. Second, we mathematically analyze the expected number of neighbors and communication probability of a SU based on the effective coverage area of SU and the spatial–temporal existence of PU’s operation. We also derive the expression of the upper bound of path connectivity between two arbitrary SUs in the networks. Third, we point out that UCA antenna is the most suitable antenna for CRAHNs. We find the optimal number of elements corresponding to each type of directional antenna at which the highest connectivity can be achieved. The validity of our analysis is verified by comparing with simulations. The results in this paper provide efficient guidelines for system designers to characterize and optimize the connectivity of CRAHNs with beamforming.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Hekmat, R. (2006). Ad hoc networks: Fundamental properties and network topologies. Berlin: Springer.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  2. Bettstetter, C. (2004). On the connectivity of ad hoc networks. The Computer Journal, 47(4), 432–447.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Ren, W., Zhao, Q., & Swami, A. (2011). Connectivity of heterogeneous wireless networks. IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, 57(7), 4315–4332.

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  4. Liu, J., Zhang, Q., Zhang, Y., Wei, Z., & Ma, S. (2013). Connectivity of two nodes in cognitive radio ad hoc networks. In Proc. of 2013 IEEE WCNC’13 (pp. 1186–1191).

  5. Dung, L. T., & An, B. (2014). On the analysis of network connectivity in cognitive radio ad-hoc networks. In Proc. of IEEE IS3C’14 (pp. 1087–1090).

  6. Zhai, D., Sheng, M., Wang, X., & Zhang Y. (2014). Local connectivity of cognitive radio ad hoc networks. In Proc. of 2014 IEEE GLOBECOM’14 (pp. 1078–1083).

  7. Bettstetter, C., & Hartmann, C. (2005). Connectivity of wireless multihop networks in a shadow fading environment. Wireless Networks, 11(5), 571–579.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Xu, B., & Zhu, Q. (2014). Analysis of connectivity in ad hoc network with Nakagami-m fading. In Proc. of ISEEE’14 (pp. 1609–1612).

  9. Dung, L. T., & An, B. (2015). Connectivity analysis of cognitive radio ad hoc networks with shadow fading. KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems, 9(9), 3335–3356.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Bettstetter, C., Hartmann, C., & Moser, C. (2005). How does randomized beamforming improve the connectivity of ad hoc networks? In Proc. of 2005 IEEE ICC’05 (pp. 3380–3385).

  11. Koskinen, H. (2006). Analytical study of connectivity in wireless multi-hop networks utilizing beamforming. In Proc. of MSWiM’06 (pp. 212–218).

  12. Kiese, M., Hartmann, C., & Vilzmann, R. (2009). Optimal bounds of the connectivity of adhoc networks with directional antennas. In Proc. of IEEE GLOBECOM’09 (pp. 1–7).

  13. Zhou, X., Durrani, S., & Jones, H. M. (2009). Connectivity analysis of wireless ad hoc networks with beamforming. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 58(9), 5247–5257.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Georgiou, O., & Nguyen, C. (2015). Multihop connectivity of ad hoc networks with randomly oriented directional antennas. IEEE Wireless Communications Letters, 4(4), 369–372.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Anamalamudi, S., Jin, M., & Kim, J. (2015). Hybrid CCC based AODV routing protocol for cognitive radio ad hoc networks with directional antennas. In Proc. of ICUFN’15 (pp. 40–45).

  16. Dai, Y., Wu, J., & Zhao, Y. (2015). Boundary helps: Reliable route selection with directional antennas in cognitive radio networks. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology, 64(9), 4135–4143.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  17. Kraus, J. D. (1988). Antennas. New York: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Balanis, C. A. (2005). Antenna theory: Analysis and design (3rd ed.). New York: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  19. Kingman, J. F. C. (1993). Poisson processes. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  20. Rappaport, T. S. (2002). Wireless communication: Principles and practice. Englewood Cliffs: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  21. Govindan, K., Zeng, K., & Mohapatra, P. (2011). Probability density of the received power in mobile networks. IEEE Transactions on Wireless Communications, 10(11), 3613–3619.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Schwartz, M. (2005). Mobile wireless communications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) grant funded by the Korea government (MSIP) (NRF-2012R1A2A2A01046780) and by the MSIP (Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning), Korea, under the ICT/SW Creative Research program (IITP-2015-R2212150026) supervised by the Institute for Information and Communication Technology Promotion (IITP).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Electronics and Computer Engineering in Graduate School, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea

    Le The Dung

  2. Department of Computer and Information Communications Engineering, Hongik University, Sejong, Republic of Korea

    Beongku An

Authors
  1. Le The Dung
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Beongku An
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Beongku An.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Dung, L.T., An, B. A modeling framework for supporting and evaluating connectivity in cognitive radio ad hoc networks with beamforming. Wireless Netw 23, 1743–1755 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1252-9

Download citation

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11276-016-1252-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation