Abstract
In the enzymatic synthesis of galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS), the primary by-products include glucose, galactose and unreacted lactose. This This study was aimed to provide a method to to purify GOS by yeat fermentation and explore the interaction between GOS and CAS with a view for expanding the prospects of GOS application in the food industry. The crude GOS(25.70 g/L) was purified in this study using the fermentation method with Kluyveromyces lactis CICC 1773. Optimal conditions for purification with the yeast were 75 g/L of the yeast inoculation rate and 50 g/L of the initial crude GOS concentration for 12 h of incubation. After removing ethanol produced by yeast by low-temperature distillation, GOS content could reach 90.17%. A study of the interaction between GOS and casein (CAS) in a simulated acidic fermentation system by D-(+)-gluconic acid δ-lactone (GDL) showed that the GOS/CAS complexes with higher GOS concentrations, e.g., 4% and 6% (w/v), was more viscoelastic with higher water-holding capacity, but decreased hardness, elasticity, and cohesiveness at 6% (w/v) of GOS. The addition of GOS to CAS suspension significantly caused (p<0.05) decreased particle sizes of the formed GOS/CAS complexes, and the suspension system became more stable. FT-IR spectra confirmed the existence of different forms of molecular interactions between CAS and GOS, e.g., hydrogen bonding and hydrophobic interaction, and the change of secondary structure after CAS binding to GOS.
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Acknowledgements
The authors greatly acknowledge and express their gratitude to the Researchers Supporting Project number (RSP2023R335), King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
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This research work was financially supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Project No. 2017YFE0131800).
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Author Contributions: Conceptualization, G.H, T.A, A.A.K, A.S, Z.M, and Y.Z; methodology, G.H, T.A, A.A.K, A.S, Z.M, and Y.Z; software, M.A; validation, A.A.S; formal analysis, T.A.; investigation, .A.F.A, M.N, K.J, M.A.S and Y.Z; resources, Y.Z; M.A and A.A.S.; data curation, T.A.; writing—original draft preparation, T.A and M.N.; writing—review and editing, T.A and M.N; visualization, A.A.S and M.A.S; supervision, Y.Z.; project administration, A.A.S and M.A; funding acquisition, Y.Z.
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LI, Z., Tian-tian, L., Aziz, T. et al. Purification of Galacto-oligosaccharide (GOS) by fermentation with Kluyveromyces lactis and Interaction between GOS and casein under simulated acidic fermentation conditions. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 342 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03791-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03791-1