Abstract
Azospirillum alphaproteobacteria, which live in the rhizosphere of many crops, are used widely as biofertilizers. Two-component signal transduction systems (TCSs) mediate the bacterial perception of signals and the corresponding adjustment of behavior facilitating the adaptation of bacteria to their habitats. In this study, we obtained the A. baldaniorum Sp245 mutant for the AZOBR_150176 gene, which encodes the TCS of the hybrid histidine kinase/response sensory regulator (HSHK-RR). Inactivation of this gene affected bacterial morphology and motility. In mutant Sp245-HSHKΔRR-Km, the cells were still able to synthesize a functioning polar flagellum (Fla), were shorter than those of strain Sp245, and were impaired in aerotaxis, elaboration of inducible lateral flagella (Laf), and motility in semiliquid media. The mutant showed decreased transcription of the genes encoding the proteins of the secretion apparatus, which ensures the assembly of Laf, Laf flagellin, and the repressor protein of translation of the Laf flagellin’s mRNA. The study examined the effects of polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000), an agent used to simulate osmotic stress and drought conditions. Under osmotic stress, the mutant was no longer able to use collective motility in semiliquid media but formed more biofilm biomass than did strain Sp245. Introduction into mutant cells of the AZOBR_150176 gene as part of an expression vector led to recovery of the lost traits, including those mediating bacterial motility under mechanical stress induced by increased medium density. The results suggest that the HSHK–RR under study modulates the response of A. baldaniorum Sp245 to mechanical and osmotic/water stress.
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Data Availability
All data generated or analyzed during this study are included in this published article (and its supplementary information files).
Abbreviations
- ANOVA:
-
Analysis of Variance
- CDS:
-
Coding Sequence
- CFU:
-
Colony-Forming Units
- Fla:
-
Polar Flagellum
- HSHK-RR:
-
Hybrid Sensor Histidine Kinase/Response Regulator
- HS-Taq PCR:
-
Hot Start-Taq Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Gm:
-
Gentamicin
- Km:
-
Kanamycin
- Laf:
-
Lateral Flagella
- LB:
-
Luria Bertani
- LSD:
-
Least Significant Difference
- MSM:
-
Malate Salt Medium
- PAS:
-
Per-ARNT-Sim
- PEG 6000:
-
Polyethylene Glycol 6000
- PB:
-
Phosphate Buffer
- PCR:
-
Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RT-PCR:
-
Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RTL:
-
Relative Transcription Level
- SDS-PAGE:
-
Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate–Polyacrylamide Gel
- Tc:
-
Tetracycline
- TCS:
-
Two-Component Signal Transduction System
- qRT-PCR:
-
Real-Time Quantitative PCR
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Acknowledgements
Our thanks go to Dmitry N. Tychinin for the translation of the original manuscript into English. We thank research center “Symbiosis” and immunochemistry laboratory IBPPM RAS for their support with immunofluorescence analysis and confocal microscopy.
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This work was funded by the Russian Science Foundation (RSF) (project no. № 23-26-00271).
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All individuals listed as authors have made a substantive creative contribution to the work: AS supervised, wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript; IV, LP and LM contributed analyze, write, and edit the final manuscript; AS, IV, DM, ET, LP, AB, SY, AT, GB, AS and LYM performed research; AS and IV analyzed data; and all the authors read and approved the final submission.
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All individuals listed as authors have made a substantive creative contribution to the work: AS supervised, wrote, reviewed, and edited the manuscript; IV, LP and LM contributed analyze, write, and edit the final manuscript; AS, IV, DM, ET, LP, AB, SY, AT, GB, AS and LM performed research; AS and IV analyzed data; and all the authors read and approved the final submission.
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Supplementary Fig. 1
. A Average swimming rate of A. baldaniorum cells from 18–24-h-old cultures grown in a liquid MSM; B Light microscopy of the formation of a band of motile bacteria near the air–liquid interface. A suspension of cells from 18-h-old liquid cultures, which had been washed with 10 mM PB (pH 7.0), was placed in a 1-mm-diameter capillary tube, and the band formation time of motile bacteria in the oxygen gradient originating in the capillary liquid was recorded; C Trajectory of swimming cells from the liquid MSM. For blocks B and C, scale bars correspond to 10 μm; D Colonies formed by azospirilla within 48 h on MSM containing 0.2% Bacto agar and 1 mM succinic acid, galactose, fructose, aspartate, glutamate, or proline as the carbon source. Scale bars correspond to 10 mm
Supplementary Fig. 2
. A and B SDS–PAGE profiles of the extracellular proteins of strains Sp245 (2), Sp245.1062 (3), Sp245.1062(pRK415-150176) (4), and Sp245.1063 (1). (M): Standard protein marker (14.4–116-kDa) (Thermo Scientific, USA). Arrows indicate the positions of the flagellins of the polar (Fla) and lateral (Laf1) flagella. C Immunoblotting of total cellular proteins with antibodies interacting with the protein portion of the Sp245 Fla flagellin. Cells grown in liquid culture (A) and on a solid MSM (B and C) (18 and 36 h of growth, respectively) were used to isolate extracellular and total proteins
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Shelud’ko, A., Volokhina, I., Mokeev, D. et al. Chromosomal gene of hybrid multisensor histidine kinase is involved in motility regulation in the rhizobacterium Azospirillum baldaniorum Sp245 under mechanical and water stress. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 39, 336 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03785-z
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-023-03785-z